MEDICAL BIOLOGY, HUMAN ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND PATHOLOGY - Ya.I. Fedonyuk 2010
INTRODUCTION
MEDICAL BIOLOGY
Biology and medical biology: subject matter, objectives, and methods
The current stage of development in general and medical biology
The role of medical biology in the system of pharmaceutical education
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: SCIENCES STUDYING THE STRUCTURES AND MECHANisms SUPPORTING HUMAN NEEDS
Anatomy and its relationship with other disciplines
The subject of physiology and its relationship with other disciplines
FUNDAMENTALS OF GENERAL PATHOLOGY
The subject matter and tasks of pathology
The concepts of health and disease
BIOLOGY
SECTION 1. BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF HUMAN VITAL ACTIVITY
1.1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
Life as a cosmic and natural phenomenon
Fundamental properties of life
Levels of biological organization
The place of humans in the system of the organic world
1.2. CELL. TISSUES. CONCEPTS OF AN ORGAN, ORGAN SYSTEM, AND ORGANISM
Fundamentals of general cytology
General characteristics and classification of tissues
3. Connective Tissue with Special Properties
1.3. MOLECULAR-GENETIC AND CELLULAR LEVELS OF LIFE ORGANIZATION
1.3.1. The Cell as the Fundamental Genetic, Structural, and Functional Unit of Life
Cell Formation as a Qualitative Stage in Evolution
Cell Theory and Its Current State
Non-Cellular Forms of Life: Viruses
Cellular Forms of Life: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Cell Specialization and Integration in Multicellular Organisms
1.3.2. Structural and Chemical Functional Organization of Eukaryotic Cells
The Role of Water and Hydrogen Bonds in Cellular Vital Processes
Organic Compounds: Carbon-Containing Substances of Living Organisms
Cell membranes and the principle of compartmentalization
Plasma membrane and transport mechanisms
The cell as an open system: organization of matter, energy, and information flow
Cellular energy supply: ATP, oxidative phosphorylation, and energy distribution
The cell nucleus as the central information processing center
Levels of organization of genetic material and its properties
Structure of the interphase nucleus
Chromatin: structural organization, euchromatin, and heterochromatin
Morphofunctional characteristics and classification of human chromosomes
Eukaryotic hereditary apparatus and its molecular level of functioning
Evidence for the genetic role of DNA: transformation and transduction
DNA: chemical composition, spatial organization, and role in genetic information processing
RNA: structure, types of RNA, and role in genetic information expression
Exon-Intron Organization of Eukaryotic Genes
Molecular Organization of the Eukaryotic Genome
Molecular Mechanisms of Genetic Information Flow in the Cell (Gene Expression)
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
1.3.4. Temporal Organization of Cells
Cell Growth and Growth Factors
Concept of Mitotic Activity in Tissues
In Vitro Cell Survival, Cell Cloning, and Significance of Cell Culture Techniques
1.4. ONTOGENETIC LEVEL OF LIFE ORGANIZATION
Potential for Organism Cloning
Specifics of human reproduction in relation to its biosocial nature
1.4.2. Fundamentals of Human Genetics
Genetics, human genetics, and medical genetics: subject matter, objectives, and methods
Stages in the development of genetics
Basic concepts and terms of modern genetics
Organismal level of trait inheritance
Patterns of inheritance in monohybrid crosses. Mendel's first and second laws
Patterns of trait inheritance in dihybrid and polyhybrid crosses. Mendel's third law
Mendelian traits in humans, monogenic diseases, and monogenic inheritance
Interaction of non-allelic genes
Gene expressivity and penetrance, pleiotropy
Main postulates of the chromosome theory of heredity
Sex genetics; mechanisms of genetic sex determination
Sex-linked, sex-influenced, and sex-limited traits
Genetics of blood groups; inheritance of the ABO blood group system
Inheritance of the Rhesus factor
Methods for studying human heredity
Molecular genetic method (DNA analysis)
Human variability as a property of life and a genetic phenomenon
Mutational variability, classification of mutations
Somatic and germline mutations, mosaicism
Spontaneous and induced mutations
Genetic monitoring; methods for reducing mutation risks
Hereditary diseases and their classification
Diseases with hereditary predisposition
Marriage patterns, medical and genetic aspects of the family
Medical and genetic aspects of the family
Prenatal diagnosis of hereditary pathology
Newborn screening programs for inherited metabolic disorders
1.4.3. Biology of individual development
Ontogeny and its periodization
Embryonic period of ontogeny and its stages
Mechanisms of growth and morphogenesis
Genetic control of development
Features of the human prenatal development period, critical periods
Congenital malformations and their classification
Postembryonic period of ontogeny and its periodization
Ratio of growth and differentiation processes in the postnatal period
Neurohumoral regulation of growth and development processes
Systemic mechanisms of human homeostasis at the organismal level
Introduction to bioinformatics
Features of the postnatal period of human development in relation to its biosocial organization
Old age as the final stage of human ontogenesis
Life expectancy and problems of longevity
Regulation and stimulation of regenerative processes
Organ and tissue transplantation
Transplantation and the immune system
Achievements in transplantology
CHAPTER 2. BIOGEOCENOTIC LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION OF LIFE AND HUMAN PLACE IN IT
2.1. FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN ECOLOGY
Environment as an ecological concept
Biogeocenosis as an ecological system
Ecological homeostasis, coadaptation
Social and biological aspects of human adaptation to living conditions
Ecological situation in Ukraine
Human adaptations to extreme conditions, the concept of stress
2.2. BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF PARASITISM AND PARASITIC DISEASES IN HUMANS
Subkingdom Protozoa (Protozoa)
Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Phylum Apicomplexa
Phylum Ciliates, or Infusoria (Ciliophora, Infusoria)
Phylum Flatworms (Plathelminthes)
Phylum Roundworms (Nemathelminthes)
Laboratory diagnostics of helminthiases
K.I. Skryabin's doctrine of dehelminthization and devastation
Current issues of medical helminthology in Ukraine
2.5. MEDICAL ARACHNOMEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY
Phylum Arthropods (Arthropoda)
2.6. ORGANISMS POISONOUS TO HUMANS
Venomous and poisonous animals
2.7. OTHER COMMON ANIMALS OF VARIOUS TAXA OF MEDICAL IMPORTANCE
2.8. BIOSPHERE AND HUMAN
Biomedical aspects of the impact of the biosphere and its individual factors on human health
Anthropogenic impact on the biosphere
Regulation of human-nature relationships, rational environmental management
Protection of the biosphere in international and national programs
ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY
FUNDAMENTALS OF GENERAL PATHOLOGY
SECTION 1. ORGAN. ORGAN SYSTEM. ORGANISM
1. General concepts of organs, their systems, and the organism as a whole
2. Connection between the organism and the environment
3. Constitution. The significance of body types in the pathogenesis of diseases
4. General data on human organism development
DEATH, ITS FORMS, STAGES, SIGNS. METHODS OF ORGANISM RESUSCITATION
3. ISCHEMIA (LOCAL LOCAL BLOOD SUPPLY DECREASE)
1. STAGES AND MECHANISMS OF INFLAMMATION
2. CLASSIFICATION OF INFLAMMATION
TUMORS
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TUMORS
4. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF TUMORS
1. EPITHELIAL TUMORS WITHOUT SPECIFIC LOCALIZATION
4. TUMORS OF MELANIN-PRODUCING TISSUE
GENERAL SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO INJURY
1. IMMEDIATE-TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS
2. DELAYED-TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS
CHAPTER 2. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM (THE LOCOMOTOR APPARATUS)
AXES AND PLANES OF THE HUMAN BODY
SKELETON OF THE HEAD. THE SKULL
2. BONES OF THE VISCEROCRANIUM
5. AGE AND SEX CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SKULL
1.1. STRUCTURE OF THE VERTEBRAE
1.2. TYPES OF JOINTS BETWEEN VERTEBRAE
1.3. THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN AS A WHOLE
SKELETON OF THE UPPER LIMB
JOINTS OF THE BONES OF THE UPPER LIMB
1. BONES OF THE PPECTORAL GIRDLE AND THEIR JOINTS
2. BONES OF THE FREE UPPER LIMB AND THEIR JOINTS
SKELETON OF THE LOWER LIMB
JOINTS OF THE BONES OF THE LOWER LIMB
1. BONES OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE AND THEIR JOINTS
3. BONES OF THE FREE LOWER LIMB AND THEIR JOINTS
GENERAL ISSUES OF HUMAN MUSCULAR SYSTEM ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EXCITABLE TISSUES
2. BASIC PROPERTIES OF MUSCLES
3. PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SMOOTH AND STRIATED MUSCLES
4. MUSCLE WORK. MUSCULAR FATIGUE
5. IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL TRAINING
MUSCLES AND FASCIAE OF BODY REGIONS
MUSCLES AND FASCIAE OF THE HEAD
MUSCLES AND FASCIAE OF THE NECK
TOPOGRAPHIC AND ANATOMIC STRUCTURES OF THE NECK
MUSCLES AND FASCIAE OF THE TRUNK
1. MUSCLES AND FASCIAE OF THE BACK
2. MUSCLES AND FASCIAE OF THE THORAX
3. MUSCLES AND FASCIAE OF THE ABDOMEN
MUSCLES AND FASCIAE OF THE UPPER LIMB
1. MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDER GIRDLE
2. MUSCLES OF THE FREE UPPER LIMB
MUSCLES AND FASCIAE OF THE LOWER LIMB
1. MUSCLES OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE
2. MUSCLES OF THE FREE LOWER LIMB
4. TOPOGRAPHY OF THE LOWER LIMB
STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE HUMAN MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM ASSOCIATED WITH THE UPRIGHT POSTURE
PATHOLOGY OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
TRAUMATIC INJURIES OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
DISEASES OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
2. POSTURAL DISORDERS. SCOLIOSIS
3. OSTEOPOROSIS. OSTEOPENIC CONDITIONS
SECTION 3. ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF BODY FUNCTION SELF-REGULATION
NERVOUS MECHANISMS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATION
Excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system
The nerve center and its properties
Reflex as an act of nervous activity
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
SPINAL CORD
2. FUNCTIONS OF THE SPINAL CORD
2.HINDBRAIN
3. ISTHMUS OF THE RHOMBENCEPHALON
6.DIENCEPHALON
6.1. STRUCTURE OF THE DIENCEPHALON
6.2. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE DIENCEPHALON
8.5. WHITE MATTER OF THE HEMISPHERES
8.6. CEREBROSPINAL FLUID: GENERAL DATA, PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE
PATHWAYS OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
1. SENSORY (ASCENDING) PATHWAYS
BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
CEREBRAL CORTEX AND HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
AUTONOMIC DIVISION OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE AUTONOMIC DIVISION OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE AUTONOMIC DIVISION OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
GENERAL ISSUES IN THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF SENSORY SYSTEMS
SKIN (ORGAN OF TOUCH, TEMPERATURE, AND PAIN SENSATION)
1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SKIN
3. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SKIN
ORGAN OF VISION
1. THE EYE AND ITS ACCESSORY STRUCTURES
2. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE VISUAL SENSORY SYSTEM
2.1. OPTICAL SYSTEM OF THE EYE
1. STRUCTURE OF THE ORGAN OF HEARING
2. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE AUDITORY ANALYZER
3. SENSATION OF BODY POSITION AND MOVEMENT (EQUILIBRIUM ANALYZER
ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR PATHOLOGY
ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR PATHOLOGY
CAUSES AND MECHANISMS OF ENDOCRINE REGULATION DISORDERS
THYROID GLAND
1. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE THYROID GLAND
ENDOCRINE PART OF THE PANCREAS
ADRENAL GLANDS
1. ANATOMY AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS
2. CHRONIC ADRENOCORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY (ADDISON'S DISEASE)
PITUITARY GLAND
1. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE PITUITARY GLAND
2. PATHOLOGY OF THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
3. PATHOLOGY OF THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BLOOD
3. DENSITY AND VISCOSITY OF BLOOD
GAS TRANSPORT BY BLOOD
1. CHARACTERISTICS OF ERYTHROCYTES
2. METHOD FOR COUNTING ERYTHROCYTES IN A GORYAEV CHAMBER
4. METHOD FOR DETERMINING HEMOGLOBIN USING A SAHLI HEMOMETER
5. METHOD FOR COUNTING ERYTHROCYTES IN A GORYAEV CHAMBER
PROTECTIVE FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
1. CHARACTERISTICS OF LEUKOCYTES
2. METHOD FOR COUNTING LEUKOCYTES
1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THROMBOCYTES
3. ANTICOAGULANT SYSTEM OF BLOOD
ГРУПИ КРОВІRHESUS FACTOR. RHESUS CONFLICT
BLOOD TRANSFUSION
1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION
2. METHODS FOR BLOOD GROUP DETERMINATION
2.1. METHOD FOR ABO BLOOD GROUP DETERMINATION USING STANDARD SERA
2.2. METHOD FOR ABO BLOOD GROUP DETERMINATION USING MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
2.3. METHOD FOR RH BLOOD GROUP DETERMINATION (RHESUS FACTOR) BY THE TUBE METHOD
2.4. METHOD FOR ABO BLOOD GROUP DETERMINATION USING STANDARD SERA
PATHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD SYSTEM
1.1. ANEMIAS DUE TO BLOOD LOSS (POSTHEMORRHAGIC)
1.2. ANEMIAS DUE TO IMPAIRED HEMOPOIESIS
1.3. ANEMIAS DUE TO INCREASED BLOOD DESTRUCTION (HEMOLYTIC)
2. TUMORS OF THE BLOOD SYSTEM OR HEMOBLASTOSES
3. THROMBOCYTOPENIAS AND THROMBOCYTOPATHIES
SECTION 5. BLOOD AND LYMPH CIRCULATION PROCESSES. PATHOLOGY THEREOF
GENERAL ISSUES OF CARDIOVASCULAR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
HEART: STRUCTURE, TOPOGRAPHY
1. STRUCTURE OF THE HEART WALL. HEART CHAMBERS
2. PROJECTION OF THE HEART ON THE ANTERIOR THORACIC WALL
SYSTEMIC AND PULMONARY CIRCULATION
CARDIAC FUNCTION
5. STROKE VOLUME AND CARDIAC OUTPUT
6. MAIN PROPERTIES OF THE CARDIAC MUSCLE
6.2. CONDUCTIVITY. CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM
7. ELECTRICAL PHENOMENA IN THE HEART
8. REGULATION OF CARDIAC ACTIVITY
VESSELS OF THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION
VESSELS OF THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
1.1. BRANCHES OF THE AORTIC ARCH
1.2. BRANCHES OF THE DESCENDING AORTA
2. VEINS OF THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
2.1. SUPERIOR VENA CAVA SYSTEM
2.2. INFERIOR VENA CAVA SYSTEM
2.4. CAVOCAVAL AND PORTO которым-то ANASTOMOSES
PHYSIOLOGY OF BLOOD VESSELS
1. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF HEMODYNAMICS
2. ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE. MEASUREMENT METHODS
5. REGULATION OF BLOOD CIRCULATION
5.3. REFLEX REGULATION OF VASCULAR TONE
5.4. EFFECT OF WORK ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
5.5. HUMORAL INFLUENCES ON BLOOD VESSELS
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
LYMPHATIC VESSELS AND NODES OF SPECIFIC BODY REGIONS
1. LYMPHATIC VESSELS AND NODES OF THE LOWER LIMB
2. LYMPHATIC VESSELS AND NODES OF THE PELVIS
3. LYMPHATIC VESSELS AND NODES OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY
4. LYMPHATIC VESSELS AND NODES OF THE THORACIC CAVITY
5. LYMPHATIC VESSELS AND NODES OF THE UPPER LIMB<
6. LYMPHATIC VESSELS AND NODES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
CONCEPT OF ARTERIAL HYPOTENSION AND HYPERTENSION
1. ACUTE ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
2. CHRONIC ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE
2. CHRONIC CIRCULATORY FAILURE
2.2. LOWER EXTREMITY VARICOSE VEINS
CHAPTER 6. THE RESPIRATORY PROCESS AND ITS PATHOLOGY
DOCTRINE OF THE VISCERA — SPLANCHNOLOGY
ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS
NOSE
LUNGS
BOUNDARIES OF THE PLEURAL SACS AND LUNGS
PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATION
1. MECHANISM OF INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION
PULMONARY VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES
RESPIRATION UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS
1. RESPIRATION DURING PHYSICAL EXERTION
2. RESPIRATION AT REDUCED ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
3. RESPIRATION AT ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISEASES
DISORDERS OF EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
BRONCHITIS
PNEUMONIA
CHAPTER 7. THE NUTRITIONAL PROCESS AND ITS PATHOLOGY
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS
1. VESTIBULE AND ORAL CAVITY PROPER
5. DIGESTION IN THE ORAL CAVITY
ABDOMINAL CAVITY AND PERITONEAL CAVITY
STOMACH
2.1. COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF GASTRIC JUICE
2.2. REGULATION OF GASTRIC SECRETION
2.3. MOTOR FUNCTION OF THE STOMACH
SMALL INTESTINE
1. PARTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
2.1. COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES, AND REGULATION OF PANCREATIC JUICE SECRETION
2.2. BILE. BILE FORMATION AND BILE SECRETION PROCESSES
3. MOTOR FUNCTION OF THE STOMACH
3.3. MOTILITY OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
LARGE INTESTINE
1. SECTIONS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE
2. DIGESTION IN THE LARGE INTESTINE
4. CONCEPT OF GASTRIC AND DUODENAL INTUBATION, GASTROSCOPY, SIGMOIDOSCOPY, AND COPROLOGY
METABOLISM AND ENERGY EXPENDITURE. THERMOREGULATION
3. REGULATION OF ENERGY METABOLISM
BODY TEMPERATURE AND ITS REGULATION
DISORDERS OF THERMOREGULATION
VITAMINS AND THEIR PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
PATHOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
MAIN CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISEASES
ESOPHAGEAL PATHOLOGY
GASTRIC PATHOLOGY
PATHOLOGY OF THE GALLBLADDER AND BILIARY TRACT
4. CHOLECYSTITIS AND CHOLANGITIS
INTESTINAL DIGESTIVE DISORDERS/a>
CHAPTER 8. URINATION PROCESS AND ITS PATHOLOGY
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY
MECHANISM OF URINE FORMATION
REGULATION OF KIDNEY FUNCTION
URINE. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE COMPOSITION OF NORMAL URINE
PATHOLOGY OF THE KIDNEYS AND URINARY BLADDER
COMPOSITION OF ABNORMAL URINE
1. QUANTITATIVE CHANGES IN URINE
2. QUALITATIVE CHANGES IN URINE
FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS OF URINATION
1. GLOMERULOPATHIES
2. TUBULOPATHIES
URINARY BLADDER DISEASES
CHAPTER 9. REPRODUCTIVE PROCESS
ANATOMY OF REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
GERM CELLS
SEXUAL MOTIVATIONS AND THEIR REALIZATION
PATHOLOGY OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
CHAPTER 10. ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HIGHER NERVOUS (MENTAL) ACTIVITY
TYPES OF HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY
FIRST AND SECOND SIGNALING SYSTEMS
FORMS OF MENTAL ACTIVITY
4. CONSCIOUSNESS AND SUBCONSCIOUSNESS
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MENTAL ACTIVITY AND THE SOMATIC STATE OF THE ORGANISM