MEDICAL BIOLOGY, HUMAN ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY - Y.I. Fedonyuk 2010

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY

SECTION 1. ORGAN. ORGAN SYSTEM. ORGANISM

CIRCULATORY DISORDERS

1. HYPEREMIA

1.1. ARTERIAL HYPEREMIA

Arterial hyperemia is characterized by an increased Blood inflow above normal levels, while venous outflow remains normal. It is classified into physiological and pathological, as well as general and local arterial hyperemia.

Physiological hyperemia occurs during heightened organ activity, such as in working Muscles, the pregnant Uterus, or the intestines during Digestion. In these cases, Tissues receive an increased supply of oxygen and nutrients, and Metabolic waste products are cleared more efficiently. The Effect of arterial hyperemia is widely utilized in medical practice through Applications such as mustard plasters, heating pads, warming compresses, and rubbing alcoholic solutions into the Skin.

Pathological arterial hyperemia includes angioneurotic (neurohumoral), collateral, post-anemic hyperemia, vacuolar, inflammatory, and hyperemia associated with an arteriovenous fistula.

Angioneurotic hyperemia develops due to an increased tone of vasodilator nerves and is characterized by localized redness and elevated Temperature in specific areas of the skin and mucous membranes. It is observed in conditions like migraines, where one side of the face first turns pale and then flushes, accompanied by severe headache.

Collateral hyperemia occurs when the lumen of a main artery is obstructed, causing blood to overload collateral vessels.

Post-anemic hyperemia results from the loss of vascular tone following a temporary absence of blood flow within the vessels (such as hyperemia of the abdominal Blood Vessels after rapid fluid drainage in ascites).

Vacuolar hyperemia (from Latin vacuum - empty) occurs due to a drop in barometric pressure over a specific area of the body (for example, when medical cupping glasses are applied to the skin).

Inflammatory hyperemia arises As a result of vascular exposure to inflammatory agents.

The consequences of arterial hyperemia are generally favorable, given its typically short duration. In some cases, however, they can be harmful and even fatal (such as the rupture of a modified vessel wall in Hypertension).

Hyperemia associated with an arteriovenous fistula can be congenital or acquired as a result of trauma.