MEDICAL BIOLOGY, HUMAN ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND PATHOLOGY - Ya.I. Fedonyuk 2010

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY

SECTION 3. ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF BODY FUNCTION SELF-REGULATION

ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR PATHOLOGIES

THYROID GLAND

2. THYROID DISORDERS

2.2. HYPOTHYROIDISM

Hypothyroidism is a condition caused by a decrease in the functional activity of The Thyroid Gland and a deficiency of its Hormones in the body.

Causes of primary hypothyroidism may include congenital aplasia or hypoplasia of the gland, genetically determined disorders of thyroid hormone Biosynthesis, inflammatory or autoimmune damage to the gland, surgical intervention on the gland, X-ray irradiation, and The Use of antithyroid medications. Secondary hypothyroidism occurs due to a deficiency of thyroid-stimulating hormone resulting from pituitary damage, or due to impaired hypothalamic regulation.

Hypothyroidism is characterized by lethargy, sluggishness, and cognitive impairment.

Congenital aplasia or hypoplasia of the thyroid gland leads to cretinism, which manifests as delayed mental and physical development, delayed appearance of ossification centers, and potential deaf-mutism along with organic Nervous system lesions.

The appearance of patients is characterized by facial puffiness, thickened Lips and Nose, and narrowed palpebral fissures. Peripheral Circulation is inadequate, and tissue Nutrition is impaired; the Skin is dense, cannot be gathered into a fold, and does not pit upon pressure. This type of edema, caused by tissue infiltration with mucin, gave the disease its name—"Myxedema" (from Greek *myxa* — mucus, *oedema* — Swelling). Weight gain is caused by Water retention. Brittle, thinning, and Hair loss, brittle Nails, and dental caries are observed. BODY Temperature AND metabolic rate are reduced, and the temperature response to Inflammatory Diseases is limited.