MEDICAL BIOLOGY, HUMAN ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY - Y.I. Fedoniuk 2010

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY

CHAPTER 6. THE RESPIRATORY PROCESS AND ITS PATHOLOGY

BOUNDARIES OF THE PLEURAL SACS AND LUNGS

To determine the boundaries of the thoracic and abdominal Organs, the following main anatomical lines are used: 1) midclavicular line (passing through the midpoint of the clavicle); 2) midaxillary line (descending from the apex of the axillary fossa); 3) scapular line (passing through the inferior angle of the scapula); 4) paravertebral line (running along the heads of the Ribs).

Lung boundaries. The apex of both Lungs is located 2-3 cm above the first rib (1-2 cm above the clavicle); the anterior border of the right lung extends down the parasternal line to the sixth rib, while the left lung extends to the fourth rib, where the lung margin forms the cardiac notch and continues to the midclavicular line. This marks the beginning of the inferior border of the lungs, which corresponds to the sixth rib on the right and the seventh rib on the left. Along the midaxillary line, the inferior border of the right lung projects at the eighth rib, and the left lung at the ninth rib; along the scapular line, it corresponds to the tenth rib for both lungs. The posterior border along the paravertebral line of both lungs extends to the eleventh rib (Fig. 6.10).

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Fig. 6.10. PROJECTION OF THE lungs and parietal Pleura; anterior view.

Pleural boundaries. The superior and anterior borders of the parietal pleura coincide with those of the lungs, whereas the inferior and posterior borders extend one rib lower than the corresponding lung boundaries.