MEDICAL BIOLOGY, HUMAN ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY - Ya.I. Fedonyuk 2010

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY

CHAPTER 8. THE PROCESS OF URINATION AND ITS PATHOLOGY

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE URINARY ORGANS

PATHOLOGY OF THE KIDNEYS AND URINARY BLADDER

FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS OF MICTURITION

BLADDER DISEASES

2. BLADDER CANCER

Bladder Cancer accounts for 4% of all malignant tumors and 35-50% of malignant neoplasms affecting the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs.

Papillary carcinoma develops from the transitional epithelium and is the most common form of bladder cancer. The tumor typically has a broad base and resembles a papilloma in appearance. The villi are coarse, short, and thick, frequently exhibiting ulceration, necrosis, and Hemorrhage. The mucosa surrounding the tumor is edematous, hyperemic, and infiltrated. The tumor may be solitary or multiple.

Solid cancer occurs in two forms. Early in its development, one form appears as a nodular protrusion into the bladder lumen, covered with a thickened, edematous mucosa. The base is wider than the apex, infiltrating the bladder wall and extending into the surrounding Tissues. The tumor rapidly undergoes ulceration, breakdown, and becomes covered with purulent-necrotic tissue. The second form of solid cancer is characterized from the outset by aggressive, infiltrating (endophytic) growth. Consequently, the tumor projects only slightly into the bladder lumen, presenting as a flat, dense neoplasm covered with ulcers, fibrin films, and necrotic tissue. As the tumor grows, the capacity of the Urinary Bladder decreases.

Adenocarcinoma accounts for 5-8% of malignant bladder neoplasms. It is primarily localized near the dome of the bladder and often originates from remnants of the urachus. Frequently accompanied by cystitis, its development is partly driven by metaplasia of the mucosal epithelium.