MEDICAL BIOLOGY, HUMAN ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY - Y.I. Fedonyuk 2010

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY

CHAPTER 5. BLOOD AND LYMPH CIRCULATION PROCESSES AND THEIR PATHOLOGY

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

CONCEPT OF ARTERIAL HYPO- AND HYPERTENSION

Conditions accompanied by deviations of Blood pressure from the norm are referred to as arterial Hypertension and hypotension.

Arterial hypertension, as defined by the WHO Expert Committee, is a persistently elevated systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure.

According to the latest recommendations of the WHO and the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) (1999), several levels of blood pressure are distinguished (Table 5.1).

Class="center">Table 5.1

Classification of arterial hypertension by blood pressure level (WHO/ISH, 1999)

According to this classification, arterial hypertension is defined as an elevation of systolic blood pressure to 140 mmHg and above, or diastolic blood pressure to 90 mmHg and above, provided this elevation is persistent, i.e., observed during repeated blood pressure measurements (at least 2-3 times on different days over 4 weeks).

Based on their origin, Primary and secondary arterial hypertensions are distinguished. Secondary blood pressure elevation is a symptom (symptomatic hypertension) resulting from another underlying disease (Glomerulonephritis, aortic coarctation, pituitary adenoma, etc.).

Primary hypertension is referred to as Essential Hypertension, or hypertensive disease, which indicates that its specific origin remains undetermined.

Arterial hypotension is a sustained decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (below 100 and 60 mmHg), primarily caused by a decrease in the tone of resistance vessels. It is more frequently observed in individuals with an asthenic constitution and manifests as reduced physical development and Nutrition, general adynamia, rapid fatigue, tachycardia, shortness of breath, dizziness, headaches, and fainting.