MEDICAL BIOLOGY, HUMAN ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY - Y.I. Fedoniuk 2010

BIOLOGY

SECTION 1. BIOLOGICAL BASES OF HUMAN VITAL ACTIVITY

1.4. ONTOGENETIC LEVEL OF LIFE ORGANIZATION

1.4.1. Reproduction

Features of human Reproduction in Connection with its Biosocial Nature

The capacity for Fertilization emerges after Puberty. The onset of puberty in humans is marked by the first nocturnal emissions (involuntary release of spermatozoa) in boys (at the age of 13-14) and the first menstruation in girls (at the age of 12-13). Sexual maturity is reached at 16-18 years of age in females and 18-20 years in males. Reproductive capacity persists in women up to 45-50 years of age (longer in some cases), and in men up to advanced old age. A mature Testis continuously produces A large number of spermatozoa (millions), whereas a sexually mature Ovary periodically (once every lunar month) releases an oocyte of the second order. The features of human Spermatogenesis and oogenesis were examined above.

According to WHO Structure/97.html">Definitions, the actual reproductive (childbearing) period in women spans from 20 to 40 years of age, as women under 20 are not yet physically and psychologically prepared for childbirth and childrearing, while those over 40 face a high risk of fetal abnormalities. Humans have an extended period of Embryogenesis, which is associated with The Development of a complex Nervous system. Postnatal development is characterized by prolonged contact between the child and the mother, which is essential for upbringing. The extended period of puberty prevents early reproduction and the premature diversion of energy toward offspring care, thereby granting humans ample time for extended learning. A number of traits stem from human social nature. Humans can control their instincts; the sexual drive gives rise to the feeling of love, and families are formed. Utilizing specialized Methods, humans have learned to control and regulate birth rates. Consequently, reproductive medicine has emerged as a distinct medical specialty.



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