MEDICAL BIOLOGY, HUMAN ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY - Y.I. Fedonyuk 2010

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY

CHAPTER 7. THE NUTRITIONAL PROCESS AND ITS PATHOLOGY

PATHOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

PATHOLOGY OF THE GALLBLADDER AND BILIARY TRACT

4. CHOLECYSTITIS AND CHOLANGITIS

The primary causes of inflammatory processes in the Gallbladder wall are the presence of microflora within the lumen of the gallbladder and impaired Bile outflow.

In acute cholecystitis, the following types of inflammation are distinguished: acute catarrhal, acute purulent, phlegmonous-ulcerative, and diphtheritic.

Chronic cholecystitis develops as a consequence of acute cholecystitis. Pathomorphologically, it is characterized by mucosal atrophy, cellular infiltration, sclerosis, and frequently calcification of the gallbladder wall.

Inflammation in the bile ducts exhibits similar morphological changes. Cholangitis is typically accompanied by jaundice. Occasionally, purulent cholangitis leads to The Development of cholangitic abscesses. Cholecystitis and cholangitis may occur concurrently, yet they develop independently of one another.

In addition to inflammatory conditions, the gallbladder and its ducts can be affected by dyskinetic disorders, in which the lumen of the gallbladder dilates and stretches due to bile accumulation ("stagnant gallbladder").

Acute cholecystitis is almost invariably accompanied by stone obstruction of the gallbladder neck or duct. Occasionally, the obstruction may be caused by mucus, parasites, or a tumor. In 10% of patients, no obstruction is identified, in which case the term "acute acalculous cholecystitis" is used.