MEDICAL BIOLOGY, HUMAN ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY - Ya.I. Fedonyuk 2010

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY

SECTION 1. ORGAN. ORGAN SYSTEM. ORGANISM

CIRCULATORY DISORDERS

4. HEMORRHAGE

Hemorrhage is the escape of Blood from Blood Vessels and Heart chambers. The accumulation of blood in Tissues is referred to as a hemorrhage or hematoma. Depending on the localization of the bleeding or its source, conditions are classified as hemothorax (bleeding into the pleural cavity), metrorrhagia (uterine bleeding), Hematuria (bleeding from the Urinary Tract), hemoptysis (bleeding from the respiratory tract), hemarthrosis (bleeding into a joint cavity), etc.

There are Two main mechanisms of hemorrhage: rupture of the vascular wall (hemorrhage per rhexin) and diapedesis (hemorrhage per diapedesin); a variant of the first mechanism is hemorrhage resulting from the erosion of vessel walls by pus, endogenous secretions, and Enzymes (hemorrhage per diabrosin).

In diapedesis, morphological Changes in the capillary walls are absent. In such cases, There is a distinct alteration in microvascular permeability, which is selective for erythrocytes and Blood Plasma, as leukocyte extravasation is not observed. Diapedetic hemorrhages occur in severe pathological conditions, such as tumors, encephalitis, and burn disease. A pathological state characterized by a generalized predisposition to bleeding is known as hemorrhagic diathesis. It is marked by numerous hemorrhages in the Skin, mucous membranes, serous membranes, Muscles, and other tissues, potentially resulting in severe systemic anemia.