MEDICAL BIOLOGY, ANATOMY, HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY - Ya.I. Fedonyuk 2010

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY

SECTION 1. ORGAN. ORGAN SYSTEM. ORGANISM

FUNDAMENTALS OF GENERAL PATHOLOGY

3.Constitution. The significance of body types in the etiology of diseases

Despite the great diversity of individual characteristics in The Human Body, practical medicine distinguishes several types of body build, or constitutions.

Constitution is a complex of relatively stable morphological, functional, and even mental CHARACTERISTICS OF THE Organism that determine its reactivity, having formed on a hereditary basis under the Influence of Environmental factors.

Constitution determines the individual reactivity of the organism, its adaptive features, the specific course of physiological and pathological processes, and disease predisposition. The course of any disease, its prognosis, and Treatment depend not only on The Nature and strength of the pathogenic impact, but also on the individual characteristics of the organism.

From a morphological perspective, three constitutional types are distinguished (according to M.V. Chernorutsky) (Fig. 1.1):

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Fig. 1.1. Diagram of human constitution (according to M.V. Chernorutsky):

a - asthenic constitution type; normosthenic constitution type; c - hypersthenic constitution type

1. Hypersthenic - the torso is relatively long, while the limbs are short. The HEAD, chest, and abdomen have a significant volume. The dimensions of the abdomen exceed those of the chest, and transverse dimensions exceed longitudinal ones. They are characterized by growth in width and massiveness.

2. Asthenic - predominant longitudinal growth; slender, but weak in general physical development. The limbs predominate over the relatively short torso, the chest over the abdomen, and longitudinal dimensions over transverse ones.

3. Normosthenic - a medium, intermediate type of body build.

M.V. Chernorutsky characterized each of the constitutional types - asthenic, hypersthenic, and normosthenic - in terms of their core Functions and METABOLISM.

Thus, individuals of the asthenic type exhibit lower Blood pressure and reduced intestinal absorption capacity, along with an elevated metabolic rate. Conversely, the hypersthenic type is characterized by higher blood pressure, slowed metabolic processes, decreased carbohydrate tolerance, slow Elimination of Metabolic waste products, and a predisposition to obesity.

Reactivity is the ability of an organism to respond to environmental factors with changes in its vital activity, which ensures a certain degree of adaptation to the environment. Organism reactivity can be biological, group, or individual.

Biological reactivity (species reactivity) encompasses the most Characteristic Features of physiological and pathological reactivity inherent to a given animal species. For example, it manifests through seasonal changes in vital activity (anabiosis, winter or summer hibernation, fish and bird migration during seasonal changes, reproduction), as well as various species-specific properties in The production of specific Antibodies and the manifestation of allergic reactions in different animals.

Group reactivity develops against the Background of species (biological) reactivity. In humans and higher animals, the features of this type of reactivity are determined by constitutional differences, particularly by Different types of The Nervous system.

Individual reactivity of the organism depends on constitution, sex, age, and living conditions. The character of individual reactivity is also influenced by physiological properties inherent to the given organism, such as the type of nervous system, characteristics of the Endocrine glands, and other functional systems.

Pathological reactivity arises when "extraordinary" harmful factors act upon the organism, which can push indicators beyond the physiological fluctuation range characteristic of individuals of a given species. It is characterized by The Emergence of pathological disorders and a general decrease in the compensatory and adaptive capabilities of the organism. This type of reactivity plays a significant role in the Pathogenesis of many diseases and determines specific response reactions to pathogenic agents, which in each individual case shape a specific clinical picture of the disease (rheumatism, Hypertension, Bronchial Asthma, etc.).