MEDICAL BIOLOGY, ANATOMY, HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY - Ya.I. Fedoniuk 2010

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY

SECTION 2. THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM (THE MECHANISM OF MOVEMENT)

PATHOLOGY OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

TRAUMATIC INJURIES OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

1. BONE FRACTURES

A bone fracture (fractura ossis) is a sudden disruption of bone continuity in a transverse or oblique direction, caused by external force or certain bone diseases, and accompanied by soft tissue injury.

One type of incomplete fracture is a hairline fracture (or fissure), which involves a disruption of bone continuity that does not extend across the entire width of the bone.

Fractures in children have specific characteristics. Children have a well-developed periosteum. As a rule, it is not completely torn during fractures and remains attached to the bone fragments, causing the latter to displace primarily at an angle. Such fractures are known as subperiosteal fractures or greenstick fractures.

Based on Etiology, fractures are classified into two main types: traumatic, caused by external force, and pathological, resulting from underlying bone disease such as tumors, Osteomyelitis, osteodystrophy, Osteoporosis, etc.

Depending on the extent of soft tissue and Skin damage, fractures are classified as closed or open. In closed fractures, the skin remains intact. If a wound is present over the fracture site, it is referred to as an open fracture. This wound may or may not communicate with the bone fragments. In open fractures, the greatest threats to life are Hemorrhage and Shock, followed by the risk of wound infection.

Bone fracture healing occurs through tissue regeneration, specifically The formation of a callus. During the healing process, a bone callus develops at the fracture site, containing all specific elements and the histological Structure of Bone tissue.