MEDICAL BIOLOGY, HUMAN ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY - Y.I. Fedoniuk 2010

BIOLOGY

SECTION 1. BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF HUMAN VITAL ACTIVITY

1.4. ONTOGENETIC LEVEL OF LIFE ORGANIZATION

1.4.3. Biology of Individual Development

Organ and Tissue Transplantation

Transplantation (Greek transplantatio - grafting) is the transplantation of Organs and Tissues. The organ or tissue being transplanted is called a transplant or graft. A donor is the Organism from which the graft is taken. A recipient is the organism into which the graft is transplanted. There are auto-, allo-, and xenotransplantation. In autotransplantation, the donor and the recipient are the same organism. An autograft contains no genetically foreign substances and successfully takes ROOT in its new Location. This type of transplantation is widely used in reconstructive surgery. For instance, in cases of severe facial trauma, Skin from the patient's own arm or abdomen is used. Autotransplantation is also used to create an artificial Esophagus, rectum, or Vagina. In allotransplantation, the donor and recipient belong to different individuals of the same species. A human example of allotransplantation is a Blood transfusion. The success of allotransplantation depends on the antigenic compatibility of the donor and recipient tissues. The recipient's Antibodies react with the graft Antigens, causing its resorption or rejection. In humans, complete antigen compatibility is observed in monozygotic twins, since they develop from a single zygote and are genetically and immunologically identical. In xenotransplantation, the donor and recipient belong to different species. In higher animals, such transplantations typically result in graft resorption. In plants, scions (grafts) successfully take root even when taken from plants of a different species, genus, or even family.