MEDICAL BIOLOGY, HUMAN ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY - Y.I. Fedoniuk 2010

BIOLOGY

SECTION 1. BIOLOGICAL BASES OF HUMAN VITAL ACTIVITY

1.3. MOLECULAR-GENETIC AND CELLULAR LEVELS OF LIFE ORGANIZATION

1.3.2. Structural, chemical, and functional organization of eukaryotic cells

Chemical elements of Cells

More than 70 chemical elements of the periodic table, which are also found in inanimate nature, have been detected in living organisms. However, the quantitative composition and distribution of chemical Elements in Living organisms and inanimate nature differ significantly. Only four elements are present in living organisms in the largest amounts: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. These are the so-called organogenic elements, which account for up to 99% of atoms. The second group comprises macroelements (potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, chlorine, sulfur). Their content ranges from 0.1 to 1% of body mass. The third group consists of Trace Elements (fluorine, bromine, iodine, manganese, cobalt, copper, iron, molybdenum, etc.), which account for 0.001 to 0.010% of body mass. The fourth group comprises ultramicroelements, with concentrations ranging within 10-4-10-6%. These include selenium, titanium, cadmium, nickel, and chromium. All chemical elements found in The Cell are part of organic and Inorganic Compounds or exist as ions.



Last update: 08/08/2026

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