MEDICAL BIOLOGY, ANATOMY, HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY - Ya.I. Fedonyuk 2010

BIOLOGY

SECTION 1. BIOLOGICAL BASES OF HUMAN VITAL ACTIVITY

1.4. ONTOGENETIC LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION OF LIFE

1.4.3. Biology of Individual Development

Regulation and Stimulation of Regeneration Processes

Experimental studies of regeneration have identified the key factors that stimulate this process. At its core lie molecular-genetic and intracellular mechanisms. Regeneration shares many similarities with Embryogenesis; however, while Organs are formed for the first time during embryogenesis, they are formed anew during regeneration. Regeneration reactivates the same genes that were active in the Embryonic period. This is accompanied by a cessation of specific Protein Synthesis, initiating a process of dedifferentiation. The nervous, humoral, and immune systems all participate in The regulation of these restorative processes.

1. The Nervous system plays a major role in regenerative processes. For instance, denervation of an organ halts regeneration, whereas intact innervation stimulates it. If a newt's limb nerve is rerouted beneath the Skin at the Base of the limb, an additional limb may develop.

2. The functional activity of the regenerating organ exerts a stimulating effect on regeneration. Thus, the recovery of limb Muscles proceeds much more intensely when they are exercised.

3. Thyroid and Pituitary Hormones accelerate regeneration, whereas castration inhibits it. The adrenal cortex hormone aldosterone also stimulates regeneration. Adequate Nutrition and the presence of Vitamins in the diet, particularly vitamins C and D, are crucial for regenerative processes.

4. Various metabolites and tissue breakdown products accelerate regeneration. The presence of stimulating substances has been detected in the Blood of injured animals. The renowned ophthalmic surgeon V.P. Filatov demonstrated that tissue transplantation into a regenerating organ stimulates restorative processes.

The Study of regeneration is of paramount importance for clinical medicine. Regeneration forms The basis of wound healing, bone fracture repair, plastic surgery, and the functional recovery of Internal Organs following pathological events (such as myocardial infarction or stroke). Biological regeneration stimulants (such as aloe extract and vitreous humor) are used in tissue therapy for various diseases. To restore certain internal organs, clinical medicine utilizes homo- and heterotransplants to replace excised tissue areas, providing a scaffold along which the regenerative process occurs. In A number of cases, regeneration is successfully achieved through The Use of specialized prostheses. The prosthesis serves as a framework that guides the growth of regenerating tissue. Porous plastic frameworks are most frequently employed for this purpose (scaffold-guided regeneration). Cells infiltrate the pores, and the integrity of the organ is thus restored. Scaffold-mediated regeneration has successfully restored segments of major Blood Vessels, the Trachea, and Bronchi following surgical resection.