Human Anatomy - Lecture Notes - Savchuk O.I. 2017

The Study of Bones and Their Joints (Osteology and Arthrosyndesmology)

Osteology is The study of bones.

The Skeleton is a complex of dense structures derived from the mesenchyme. The entire human skeleton consists of the BONES OF THE HEAD, trunk, and upper and lower limbs.

The skeleton performs the following Functions:

1) support (supporting soft Tissues);

2) movement (acting as levers);

3) protection (bony canals and cavities, such as the Skull, rib cage, and pelvis);

4) metabolic (METABOLISM of mineral salts, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and iron);

5) hematopoiesis (Bone Marrow);

6) diagnostic (using radioactive isotopes and X-rays).

Classification of Bones

1) Long bones: they consist of a shaft (diaphysis) and ends (proximal and distal epiphyses). Between the diaphysis and epiphysis lies the "growth zone" (metaphysis), which allows the bone to grow in length;

2) Short bones (e.g., Phalanges of the fingers);

3) Flat bones (broad bones with a protective function, such as the skull, scapula, and pelvis);

4) Irregular bones: they combine elements of flat and cancellous bones (e.g., vertebrae);

5) Pneumatic bones: they contain air-filled cavities (e.g., Maxilla, Ethmoid bone);

6) Sesamoid bones (e.g., the Patella).

As an organ, a bone is composed of various tissues: the primary Bone tissue proper, as well as cartilaginous, hematopoietic, and adipose tissues, and is permeated by Blood Vessels and nerves. In a living Organism, bone contains up to 50% Water, 28.15% organic matter, and 21.85% inorganic matter (primarily compounds of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium). The simultaneous presence of both organic and inorganic substances provides the bone with its strength and elasticity.

Every bone consists of compact and spongy (cancellous) bone tissue.

Compact bone tissue is always located On the surface of the bone, forming a thick layer in the diaphyses of long bones.

Spongy (cancellous) bone tissue is located inside the bone and consists of trabeculae that form a network of spaces filled with Cytology/practical/86.html">Red bone marrow. Inside long bones, There is a medullary cavity, which is filled with red bone marrow in the fetus and is later replaced by yellow bone marrow. The articular surfaces of the bone are covered with articular Cartilage.

Arthrosyndesmology

This is the study of bone joints (articulations).

Bone Articulations unite the bones of the skeleton into a single, cohesive system.

TYPES OF JOINTS:

1) Continuous joints (synarthroses);

2) Diarthroses (synovial joints - characterized by the presence of articular surfaces and a joint cavity);

3) Symphyses (hemiarthroses).

In this case, there is a narrow cleft within the Connective Tissue (cartilage) between the bones. This represents a transitional form between continuous and discontinuous joints.

Continuous joints (synarthroses):

1) Syndesmosis - such as the interosseous membrane of the forearm. Connective tissue remains between the bones after birth.

2) Synchondrosis - where connective tissue is replaced by cartilage, such as between the first rib and the Sternum.

3) Synostosis - where connective tissue is replaced by bone, such as in the pelvic bone.

4) Synsarcosis - a muscular joint between bones (e.g., the connection of the scapula to THE Vertebral Column and Ribs).

Based on the number of articular surfaces, joints are classified as:

1) Simple (e.g., interphalangeal JOINTS OF THE fingers)

2) Compound (e.g., elbow joint)

3) Complex (containing intra-articular discs or menisci) - e.g., the knee joint

4) Combined (consisting of two anatomically separate joints) - e.g., the temporomandibular joint.

References:

1. Haida, S.P. Human Anatomy and Physiology. Kyiv: Vyshcha Shkola, 1980.

2. Dybenko, K.A. Anatomical Ukrainian-Latin-English Dictionary and Reference Book. Kyiv: Dovira, 1997. - 344 p.

3. Kravchuk, S.Yu. Human Anatomy. Chernivtsi: Podillia, 1998. - Vol. 1. - 291 p.

4. Kravchuk, S.Yu. Human Anatomy. Chernivtsi: Podillia, 1998. - Vol. 2. - 339 p.

5. Mateshchuk-Vatseba, L.R. Normal Anatomy: Textbook. Lviv: Poklyk Sumlinnia, 1997. - 267 p.

6. Ivanitsky, M.F. Human Anatomy. Moscow: Fizkultura i Sport, 1985. - 480 p.

7. Sapin, M.R., Bilich, G.L. Guide to Practical Classes in Human Anatomy. Moscow: Vysshaya Shkola, 1989. - 543 p.

8. Sinelnikov, R.D. Atlas of Human Anatomy (multi-volume edition "Meditsina". By body systems).

9. Great Medical Encyclopedia. Sections: Human Anatomy, by body systems.

10. Anatomy and Physiology with Pathology // Ed. by Fedoniuk, Ya.I., Bilyk, L.S., Mykula, N.Kh. Ternopil: Ukrmedknyha, 2001.