Human Anatomy: Lecture Outlines - O.I. Savchuk 2017

A Brief History of Anatomy as a Science

People began treating illnesses long before any data on the Structure and function of Organs was known. In ancient times, animal dissection was performed during food preparation and idol worship, while human dissection occurred during the embalming of royal bodies or when treating those wounded in war. The dissection techniques of the time were primitive. In ancient Greece, medicine was highly developed, and there was a cult of Asclepius, the god of medicine. The most accurate data on The structure of animal and human bodies can be found in the works of the famous physician and philosopher Hippocrates (460–377 BC).

Aristotle (384–322 BC) was the first to describe The Heart as the organ that sets Blood in motion. However, his concept of Blood Circulation was extremely confused.

In Alexandria, Erasistratus and Herophilus (born in 6300 BC and 6304 BC) described the Liver and biliary tract.

A prominent physician of the early Common Era was Galen of Pergamon (130–201 AD). He formulated a theory of Blood Circulation in which the liver was considered the central hematopoietic organ, and the heart was the central organ of blood circulation.

The prominent scholar of the Islamic Golden Age, Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 980–1037), was not only a practicing physician and philosopher but also an anatomist and expert on The Human Body. He wrote numerous works on humanity, the most famous of which is "The Canon of Medicine". In this book, Avicenna describes human anatomy, various diseases, and their Treatment Methods.

During the Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) was among the first to perform human dissections. He was the first to accurately depict the Organs of the human body, making him the founder of artistic anatomy.

Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) is the founder of modern anatomical science. He studied The STRUCTURE OF THE human body and published a masterfully illustrated treatise, "On the Fabric of the Human Body", in seven books (1543).

The founder of microscopic anatomy is Aleksandr Mikhailovich Shumlansky (1748–1795). He discovered and described the structure of the Kidney.

Petro Andriiovych Zahorskyi (1764–1846) was an academician and the author of the original textbook "Abridged Anatomy", which went through 5 editions. He is the founder of the anatomical school in St. Petersburg.

In 1828, the prominent surgeon and anatomist Ilya Buyalsky published an atlas in St. Petersburg titled "Anatomical and Surgical Tables". The atlas was awarded a Gold Medal in the United States.

The founder of topographic anatomy is Nikolai Pirogov (1810–1881), who developed the method of dissecting frozen cadavers to study organ topography. His entire career represents an entire era in The Development of medicine and anatomy. He spent his final years in the village of Vyshnya near Vinnytsia, running a hospital for the poor.

A prominent anatomist in Ukraine was Volodymyr Betz (1834–1894), who discovered the cellular structure of the Cerebral Cortex.

Twentieth-century anatomy is closely linked to the name of Peter Lesgaft (1837–1909), who laid the foundations of Functional Anatomy.

Among the prominent researchers of human anatomy in the 20th century are D.N. Zernov, V.P. Vorobyov, F.O. Stefant, I.M. Dgosyfov, V.N. Tonkov, V.M. Shovkunenko, I.F. Ivanov, D.A. Zhdanov, V.V. Kupriyanov, and many others.

Anatomical schools: in Kharkiv – Vorobyov; in Kyiv – Prof. M.S. Spirov; at the Department of Anatomy of the Lviv Medical Institute – Prof. Lyubomudrov, and since 1972, Prof. V.F. Vilkhovyi.

Anatomy

Anatomy is an integral part of the science of Morphology. Morphology includes Histology (The Study of tissues), Cytology (the Study of Cells), and Embryology (the study of embryonic development).

Anatomy is the science of the form and structure of the human body and its components—organs and systems—as well as their development and Functions. There are descriptive, systemic (normal), topographic, and artistic (plastic) branches of anatomy.

Systemic anatomy is studied by systems. One of these systems is:

1) The Musculoskeletal System (The process of movement):

a) Osteology – the study of bones;

b) Arthrosyndesmology – the study of bone junctions;

в) Myology – the study of Muscles.

The primary difference between animals and plants is their adaptation to the environment through locomotion in space. In the animal kingdom, there are Three types of movement:

1) amoeboid (using flagella – amoebas)

2) ciliary (by means of cilia - Ciliates)

3) muscular (by means of muscles capable of contracting). All three types of movement are preserved in humans:

1) amoeboid - movement of leukocytes;

2) beating of cilia of the ciliated epithelium;

3) contraction of Muscle fibers.

The musculoskeletal system consists of bones, their joints, and muscles. Bones represent the passive part, and muscles represent the active part of the musculoskeletal system. Bones function as levers, while muscles change THE POSITION OF the bones.

Axes and Planes of the human body

To determine The Nature of movements in a joint and the position of an organ in space, concepts such as planes and axes are used.

There are three planes: sagittal, frontal, and horizontal.

1) The sagittal plane (arrow-like) is directed from front to back. It divides the body into left and right parts. An infinite number of such planes can be drawn. The plane that divides the body into two symmetrical halves is called the median plane, and only one such plane can be drawn.

2) The frontal plane (coronal) passes from right to left (parallel to the forehead). It divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. An infinite number of such planes can be drawn.

3) The horizontal plane runs parallel to the ground surface and divides the body into upper and lower parts. An infinite number of such planes can be drawn through the body.

There are three axes: sagittal, frontal, and vertical.

The sagittal axis runs from front to back, like an arrow. Around it, movements such as abduction, adduction, and lateral bending (to the right and left) are possible.

The frontal axis runs from right to left; flexion and extension are possible around it.

The vertical axis runs from top to bottom; rotation outward and inward, to the right and left, is possible around it. Movements that involve transitioning from one axis to another are called circumduction (circular movements), for example, when the upper limb describes a cone.

To determine the position of an organ in space, terms such as the following are used: external, internal, ventral (anterior), dorsal (posterior), intermediate, middle, deep, superficial, proximal (located closer to the body), distal (located further from the body), superior, inferior, medial (lying closer to the median plane), lateral (lying further from the median plane), longitudinal, cranial (lying closer to the HEAD end), caudal (lying closer to the tail end), left, right, and transverse.

References:

1. Haida S.P. Human Anatomy and Physiology. Kyiv: Vyshcha Shkola, 1980.

2. Dybenko K.A. Anatomical Ukrainian-Latin-English Dictionary and Reference Book. Kyiv: Dovira, 1997. - 344 p.

3. Kravchuk S. Yu. Human Anatomy. Chernivtsi: Podillia, 1998. - Vol. 1. - 291 p.

4. Kravchuk S. Yu. Human Anatomy. Chernivtsi: Podillia, 1998. - Vol. 2. - 339 p.

5. Mateshchuk-Vatseba L. R. Normal Anatomy: A Textbook. Lviv: Poklyk Sumlinnia, 1997. - 267 p.

6. Ivanitsky M. F. Human Anatomy. Moscow: Fizkultura i Sport, 1985. - 480 p.

7. Sapin M. R., Bilich G. L. Guide to Practical Classes in Human Anatomy. Moscow: Vysshaya Shkola, 1989. - 543 p.

8. Sinelnikov R. D. Atlas of Human Anatomy (multi-volume edition "Meditsina". By body systems).

9. Great Medical Encyclopedia. Sections: Human anatomy, by body systems.

10. Anatomy and Physiology with Pathology // Ed. by Fedoniuk Ya. I., Bilyk L. S., Mykula N. Kh.. Ternopil. Ukrmedknyha, 2001.