HUMAN MEDICAL BIOLOGY, ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY - Y.I. Fedoniuk 2010

BIOLOGY

CHAPTER 1. BIOLOGICAL BASES OF HUMAN VITAL ACTIVITY

1.4. ONTOGENETIC LEVEL OF LIFE ORGANIZATION

1.4.3. Biology of Individual Development

Achievements in Transplantology

Transplantology is a science that studies the problems of transplantation, develops Methods for the preservation of Organs and Tissues, and the creation of artificial organs. Kidneys are the most frequently transplanted organs. Lung, Heart, and Liver transplantations are also performed clinically. Good results have been achieved in the transplantation of Endocrine glands, in particular the Ovaries, thyroid, and Thymus glands. The first organ successfully transplanted from human to human was a Kidney. The first kidney transplantation was performed in 1933 by the Ukrainian scientist Yu.Yu. Voronoy. The donor was a 60-year-old man with a Skull fracture who died in the hospital admission ward. The cadaveric kidney was transplanted to a 26-year-old female patient suffering from corrosive sublimate poisoning. The operation was performed in a conventional hospital in Kherson. The patient lived with the transplanted kidney for 48 hours before dying. The Significance of this first organ transplantation was that transplantation Immunity was overcome for the first time. Currently, over 400,000 kidney transplantations have been performed worldwide. The number of such operations is steadily increasing each year, reaching 30,000 annually. The maximum follow-up period after kidney transplantation exceeds 25 years.

The first human heart transplant operation was performed in 1967 by the South African surgeon Christiaan Barnard at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town. The Heart was harvested from a young woman who died in a car accident. The patient survived for less than a month, dying from complications associated with the Immune Response. Today, heart transplantation is performed in numerous medical centers across the USA and Europe. The maximum life span of individuals with a transplanted heart is 12 years.

Transplantation utilizes tissues and organs from individuals who died As a result of trauma or suddenly, for example, from myocardial infarction. The procurement of tissues and organs is carried out in compliance with both medical and legal regulations. The biomaterial is thoroughly washed and then preserved. Preserved tissues and organs are stored in special containers and transported from the laboratory to the clinic as needed.

There are various preservation methods: 1) solution preservation, in which Cells, tissues, and organs retain their transplantation viability for 24-48 hours; 2) rapid freezing down to -196°C in liquid nitrogen; this method is used to preserve Blood Cells, semen, cornea, Skin, Cartilage, and bone; biomaterial frozen in cryoprotective solutions (such as glycerin) can be stored for several years; 3) freezing followed by vacuum drying (lyophilization) is used for storing bones and microorganisms.

In A number of cases, artificial organs—body parts made from non-biological Materials—are used. Examples include porcelain or plastic Teeth, metal or plastic bones, artificial heart Valves, plastic grafts for large Blood Vessels, artificial crystalline lenses, artificial skin, and artificial joint prostheses. The lives of many people have been saved by implanting miniature cardiac pacemakers. Artificial ventilators, cardiopulmonary bypass machines, and the "artificial kidney" apparatus are also regarded as artificial human physiological systems.

Explantation is the cultivation of isolated tissues and organs. Isolated organs (fingers, auricles, glands) can "survive" outside the Organism for months under artificially created conditions. To nourish them, special physiological solutions saturated with oxygen are applied, which flow into the Blood vessels of the isolated organs.

The function of an isolated heart of a warm-blooded animal was first observed by I.P. Pavlov and I.Ya. Chistyakov (1887). In 1902, O.O. Kuliabko "revived" the isolated heart of a child who died of Pneumonia. In 1928, at the Congress of Physiologists, Pharmacologists, and Biochemists in Moscow, S.M. Chechulin and S.S. Brukhonenko demonstrated an experiment involving the "revival" of an isolated dog HEAD. The head, severed from the torso, lay on a dish. Using artificial Blood Circulation, fresh, oxygenated blood was pumped into the head's Arteries, while venous blood was sucked out from the Veins. A few minutes after the initiation of artificial circulation, the dog's head came to life: it blinked its eyelids, licked its Lips with its Tongue, pricked up its ears at loud sounds, and tried to bite the experimenter's finger. The head remained alive for several hours.

Isolated organ cultures are used to study physiology and the pharmacological effects of various medicinal agents on them.