Human Anatomy - Kotsan I. Ya. 2009

Brain
Blood vessels of the brain

The Brain is supplied with Blood by Branches of the internal carotid and vertebral Arteries.

Each Internal Carotid Artery, following the course of the carotid canal in the Temporal bone, gives rise to the anterior and middle cerebral arteries, the anterior choroidal artery, and the posterior communicating artery.

The anterior cerebral artery (a. cerebri anterior) is located on the Medial surface of each cerebral hemisphere within the sulcus of the corpus callosum. Branches of this artery supply the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres up to the parieto-occipital sulcus. At its origin, this artery communicates with the corresponding contralateral vessel via the anterior communicating artery (a. communicans anterior).

The middle cerebral artery (a. cerebri media) courses into the lateral sulcus and, through its branches, supplies the inferior and middle frontal gyri, the precentral and postcentral gyri, the major part of the parietal lobe, the superior and middle temporal gyri, and the insular lobe.

The anterior choroidal artery (a. choroidea anterior) enters the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle, where it forms the choroid plexus of the lateral and third ventricles.

The posterior communicating artery (a. communicans posterior) is also paired, forming an anastomosis between the posterior cerebral artery and the internal carotid artery. Occasionally, this anastomosis connects the posterior cerebral artery not with the internal carotid, but with the middle cerebral artery.

Near the lower border of the Pons, the right and left vertebral arteries unite to form the unpaired Basilar artery (a. basilaris), which gives rise to the posterior cerebral arteries (aa. cerebri posteriores dextra et sinistra), superior cerebellar arteries (aa. cerebelli superiores), anterior inferior cerebellar arteries (aa. cerebelli inferiores anteriores), labyrinthine arteries (aa. labyrinthi), and pontine arteries (aa. pontis). Branches of the vertebral artery—specifically the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (aa. cerebelli inferiores posteriores dextra et sinistra)—also course to the Cerebellum.

At the Base of the brain lies the cerebral arterial circle (circulus arteriosus cerebri), or the circle of Willis, which is formed by THE CONTRIBUTION OF the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries, as well as the anterior and posterior communicating arteries.

The branches of the cerebral arteries supply the Cerebral Cortex (cortical branches) and the deep structures of the brain (central branches). Within the brain substance, numerous anastomoses exist between the arterial branches.

The Veins OF THE brain drain into the Dural Venous Sinuses. They are classified into superficial and deep cerebral veins.

The superficial veins include the superior cerebral veins (vv. cerebri superiores), the superficial middle cerebral veins and inferior cerebral veins (v. cerebri mediana superficialis et vv. cerebri inferiores), and others. They collect blood from the greater part of the cerebral cortex, draining partly into the superior sagittal sinus (superior veins), partly into the transverse sinus (inferior veins), and into the cranial base sinuses. These veins lack Valves and form extensive anastomoses with one another.

The deep veins collect blood from the internal structures of the brain (the majority of the basal nuclei, White matter, choroid plexuses of the lateral and third ventricles, hippocampus, septum pellucidum, etc.) and converge into a single large cerebral vein, the vein of Galen (v. cerebri magna), which empties into the straight sinus. The great cerebral vein is a short, unpaired vessel up to 1 cm in length, formed by the confluence of the internal cerebral veins (vv. internae cerebri). Its tributaries include the posterior and dorsal veins of the corpus callosum (v. posterior/dorsalis corporis callosi) and the two basal veins (v. basalis). The basal veins, together with the anterior communicating vein connecting the anterior cerebral veins, form the cerebral venous circle around the Brainstem and hypothalamic structures.

The cerebellar veins are organized into groups: the superior veins drain blood into the straight sinus and the great cerebral vein, while the inferior veins drain into the transverse, sigmoid, and inferior petrosal sinuses.

Basic Latin Terminology

Brain — encephalon

Cerebral hemisphere — hemispherium cerebralis

Longitudinal cerebral fissure — fissura longitudinalis cerebralis

Corpus callosum — corpus callosum

Transverse cerebral fissure — fissura transversa cerebralis

Cerebral sulci — sulci cerebrales

Cerebral gyri — gyri cerebrales

Olfactory bulb — bulbus olfactorius

Olfactory nerves — nn. olfactorii

Olfactory tract — tractus olfactorius

Olfactory triangle — trigonum olfactorium

Anterior perforated substance — substantia perforata (rostralis) anterior

Terminal lamina — lamina terminalis

Optic tract — tractus opticus

Optic nerve — n. opticus

Tuber cinereum — tuber cinereum

Infundibulum — infundibulum

Pituitary Gland — hypophysis

Mammillary bodies — corpora mamillaria

Interpeduncular fossa — fossa interpeduncularis

Cerebral peduncle — pedunculus cerebri

Posterior perforated substance — substantia perforata interpeduncularis posterior

Oculomotor nerve — n. oculomotorius

Trochlear nerve — n. trochlearis

Pons — pons

Middle cerebellar peduncle — pedunculus cerebellaris medius

Pyramid of the Medulla Oblongata — pyramis medullae oblongatae

Olive — oliva

Abducens nerve — n. abducens

Facial Nerve — n. facialis

Vestibulocochlear nerve — n. vestibulocochlearis

Glossopharyngeal nerve — n. glossopharyngeus

Hypoglossal nerve — n. hypoglossus

Sulcus of the corpus callosum — sulcus corporis callosi

Trunk of the corpus callosum — truncus corporis callosi

Rostrum of the corpus callosum — rostrum corporis callosi

Splenium of corpus callosum — splenium corporis callosi

Genu of corpus callosum — genu corporis callosi

Radiation of corpus callosum — radiatio corporis callosi

Fornix — fornix

Body of fornix — corpus fornicis

Column of fornix — columna fornicis

Anterior commissure — comissura anterior

Septum pellucidum — septum pellucidum

Thalamus (dorsal thalamus) — thalamus dorsalis

Interthalamic adhesion — adhesio interthalamica

Interventricular foramen — foramen interventriculare

Hypothalamic sulcus — sulcus hypothalamicus

Hypothalamus — hypothalamus

Pineal Gland — corpus pineale

Epithalamic commissure — commissura epithalamica

Tectum of Midbrain — tectum mesencephali

Cerebral aqueduct — aqueductus mesencephali

Rhomboid fossa — fossa rhomboidea

Superior medullary velum — vellum medullare superius

Inferior medullary velum — vellum medullare inferius

Forebrain (Telencephalon) — telencephalon

Cerebral hemisphere — hemispherium cerebralis

Superolateral surface — facies superolateralis

Medial surface — facies medialis

Inferior surface — facies inferior

Superomedial margin — margo superomedialis

Inferolateral margin — margo inferolateralis

Inferomedial margin — margo inferomedialis

Frontal pole — polus frontalis

Occipital pole — polus occipitalis

Temporal pole — polus temporalis

Frontal lobe — lobus frontalis

Lateral sulcus — sulcus lateralis

Central sulcus — sulcus centralis

Precentral sulcus — sulcus precentralis

Superior frontal sulcus — sulcus frontalis superior

Inferior frontal sulcus — sulcus frontalis inferior

Precentral gyrus — gyrus precentralis

Superior frontal gyrus — gyrus frontalis superior

Middle frontal gyrus — gyrus frontalis medius

Inferior frontal gyrus — gyrus frontalis inferior

Ascending ramus — ramus ascendens

Anterior ramus — ramus anterior

Opercular part — pars opercularis

Triangular part — pars triangularis

Orbital part — pars orbitalis

Parietal lobe — lobus parietalis

Parieto-occipital sulcus — sulcus parietooccipitalis

Postcentral sulcus — sulcus postcentralis

Postcentral gyrus — gyrus postcentralis

Paracentral lobule — lobus paracentralis

Intraparietal sulcus — sulcus intraparietalis

Superior parietal lobule — lobus parietalis superior

Inferior parietal lobule — lobus parietalis inferior

Supramarginal gyrus — gyrus supramarginalis

Angular gyrus — gyrus angularis

Frontoparietal operculum — operculum frontoparietale

Occipital lobe — lobus occipitalis

Transverse occipital sulcus — sulcus occipitalis transversus

Temporal lobe — lobus temporalis

Temporal operculum — operculum temporale

Superior temporal sulcus — sulcus temporalis superior

Inferior temporal sulcus — sulcus temporalis inferior

Superior temporal gyrus — gyrus temporalis superior

Transverse temporal gyri — gyri temporales transversi

Transverse temporal sulci — sulci temporales transversi

Middle temporal gyrus — gyrus temporalis medius

Inferior temporal gyrus — gyrus temporalis inferior

Insula — insula

Circular sulcus of the insula — sulcus circularis insulae

Long gyrus of the insula — sulcus longus insulae

Short gyri of the insula — sulci breves insulae

Central sulcus of the insula — sulcus centralis insulae

Limen insulae — limen insulae

Hippocampal sulcus — sulcus hippocampi, s. hippocampalis

Cingulate sulcus — sulcus cinguli

Subparietal sulcus — sulcus subparietalis

Parahippocampal gyrus — gyrus parahippocampalis

Dentate gyrus — gyrus dentatus

Precuneus — precuneus

Calcarine sulcus — sulcus calcarinus

Cuneus — cuneus

Collateral sulcus — sulcus collateraris

Medial olfactory stria — stria olfactoria medialis

Lateral olfactory stria — stria olfactoria lateralis

Straight gyrus — gyrus rectus

Orbital sulci — sulci orbitales

Orbital gyri — gyri orbitales

Uncus — uncus

Medial occipitotemporal gyrus — gyrus occipitotemporalis medialis

Lateral occipitotemporal gyrus — gyrus occipitotemporalis lateralis

Occipitotemporal sulcus — sulcus occipitotemporalis

Cerebral cortex — Pallium — cortex cerebralis — pallium

Neocortex — neocortex

Archicortex — archeocortex

Paleocortex — paleocortex

Molecular layer — lamina molecularis

External granular layer — lamina granularis externa

External pyramidal layer — lamina pyramidalis externa

Internal granular layer — lamina granularis interna

Internal pyramidal layer — lamina pyramidalis interna

Multiform (polymorphic) layer — lamina multiformis

Striate body — corpus striatum

Caudate Nucleus — nucleus caudatus

HEAD of the caudate nucleus — caput nuclei caudati

Body of the caudate nucleus — corpus nuclei caudati

Tail of the caudate nucleus — cauda nuclei caudati

Lentiform nucleus — nucleus lentiformis

Putamen — putament

Globus pallidus — globus pallidus

Claustrum — claustrum

External capsule — capsula externa

Extreme capsule — capsula extrema

Amygdaloid body — corpus amygdaloideum

Anterior amygdaloid area — area amygdaloidea anterior

Basolateral part — pars basolateralis

Corticomedial part — pars corticomedialis

Internal capsule — capsula interna

Anterior limb of the internal capsule — crus anterius capsulae internae

Posterior limb of the internal capsule — crus posterius capsulae internae

Genu of the internal capsule — genu capsulae internae

Lateral ventricle — ventriculus lateralis

Central part — pars centralis

Anterior horn — cornu (frontale) anterius

Inferior horn — cornu (temporale) inferius

Hippocampal fimbria — fimbria hippocampi

Hippocampal digits — digitationes hippocampi

Posterior horn — cornu (occipitale) posterius

Bulb of posterior horn — bulbus cornus posterioris

Calcar avis — calcar avis

Choroid plexus — plexus choroideus

Choroid fissure — fissura choroidea

Choroid taenia — taenia choroidea

Diencephalon — diencephalon

Thalamus — thalamus

Pulvinar — pulvinar

Anterior tubercle of thalamus — tuberculum anterius thalamicum

Medullary stria of thalamus — stria medullaris thalamica

Thalamocortical fascicles — fasciculi thalamocorticales

Subthalamic region — regio subthalamica

Subthalamic nucleus — nucleus subthalamicus

Metathalamus — metathalamus

Medial geniculate body — corpus geniculatum mediale

Lateral geniculate body — corpus geniculatum laterale

Brachium of superior colliculus — brachium colliculi superioris

Brachium of inferior colliculus — brachium colliculi inferioris

Epithalamus — epithalamus

Pineal body, epiphysis — corpus pineale, epiphysis

Habenula — habenula

Habenular trigone — trigonum habenulare

Medial and lateral habenular nuclei — nuclei habenulares medialis et lateralis

Habenular commissure — comissura habenularum

Hypothalamus — hypothalamus

Optic chiasm — chiasma opticum

Tuberal nuclei — nuclei tuberales

Medial and lateral nuclei of the mamillary body — nuclei corporis

mamillaris mediales et laterales

Supraoptic nucleus — nucleus supraopticus

Paraventricular nuclei — nuclei paraventriculares

Posterior hypothalamic nucleus — nucleus hypothalamicus posterior

Arcuate nucleus — nucleus arcuatus

Ventromedial and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei — nuclei

hypothalamicus ventromedialis et dorsomedialis

Third ventricle — ventriculus tertius

Infundibular recess — recessus infundibuli

Optic recess — recessus opticus

Choroid plexus of the third ventricle — plexus choroideus ventriculi tertii

Midbrain — mesencephalon

Tectum of the midbrain — tectum mesencephali

Brachium of the superior colliculus — brachium colliculi superioris

Brachium of the inferior colliculus — brachium colliculi inferioris

Oculomotor sulcus — sulcus oculomotorius

Base of the cerebral peduncle — basis pedunculi cerebri

Substantia nigra — substantia nigra

Periaqueductal Gray matter — substantia grisea centralis

Oculomotor nucleus — nucleus nervi oculomotorii

Interstitial nucleus — nucleus interstitialis

Trochlear nucleus — nucleus nervi trochlearis

Red nucleus — nucleus ruber

Rubrospinal tract — tractus rubrospinalis

Medial lemniscus — lemniscus medialis

Spinal lemniscus — lemniscus spinalis

Trigeminal lemniscus — lemniscus trigeminalis

Isthmus of rhombencephalon — isthmus rhombencephali

Triangle of lemniscus — trigonum lemnisci

Lateral lemniscus — lemniscus lateralis

Hindbrain — metencephalon

Pons — pons

Basilar sulcus — sulcus basilaris

Pontine tegmentum — tegmentum pontis

Trapezoid body — corpus trapezoideum

Posterior longitudinal fasciculus — fasciculus longitudinalis posterior

Cerebellum — cerebellum

Vallecula of cerebellum — vallecula cerebelli

Horizontal fissure — fissura horizontalis

Cerebellar hemisphere — hemispherium cerebelli

Vermis — vermis cerebelli

Folia of cerebellum — folia cerebelli

Lobules of cerebellum — lobuli cerebelli

Flocculus — flocculus

Floccular peduncle — pedunculus floccularis

Inferior cerebellar peduncle — pedunculus cerebellaris inferior

Middle cerebellar peduncle — pedunculus cerebellaris medius

Superior cerebellar peduncle — pedunculus cerebellaris superior

Arbor vitae of cerebellum — arbor vitae cerebelli

Cerebellar cortex — cortex cerebellaris

Dentate nucleus — nucleus dentatus

Emboliform nucleus — nucleus emboliformis

Globose nucleus — nucleus globosus

Fastigial nucleus — nucleus fastigii

Medulla oblongata — medulla oblongata, myelencephalon

Anterior median fissure — fissura mediana anterior

Posterior median fissure — fissura mediana posterior

Anterolateral sulcus — sulcus anterolateralis

Posterolateral sulcus — sulcus posterolateralis

Pyramidal decussation — decussatio pyramidum

Pyramid of medulla oblongata — pyramis medullae oblongatae

Gracile fasciculus — fasciculus gracilis

Cuneate fasciculus — fasciculus cuneatus

Gracile nucleus — nucleus gracilis

Cuneate nucleus — nucleus cuneatus

Olivary nucleus — nucleus olivaris

Olivocerebellar tract — tractus olivocerebellaris

Fourth ventricle — ventriculus quartus

Medullary striae of the fourth ventricle — striae medulläres ventriculi quarti

Roof of the fourth ventricle — tegmen ventriculi quarti

Choroid tela of the fourth ventricle — tela choroidea ventriculi quarti

Choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle — plexus choroideus ventriculi quarti

Median aperture of the fourth ventricle — apertura mediana ventriculi quarti

Lateral aperture of the fourth ventricle — apertura lateralis ventriculi quarti

Rhomboid fossa — fossa rhomboidea

Lateral recesses of the fourth ventricle — recessus laterales ventriculi quarti

Facial colliculus — colliculus facialis

Cranial (superior) fovea — fovea cranialis

Caudal (inferior) fovea — fovea caudalis

Locus coeruleus — locus caeruleus

Trigone of hypoglossal nerve — trigonum nervi hypoglossi

Vagal trigone — trigonum nervi vagi

Vestibular area — area vestibularis

Trigeminal nerve — n. trigeminus

Motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve — nucleus motorius n. trigeminalis

Pontine nucleus of trigeminal nerve — nucleus pontinus n. trigeminalis

Nucleus of spinal tract of trigeminal nerve (inferior) — nucleus spinalis (inferior) nervi trigeminalis

Nucleus of mesencephalic tract of trigeminal nerve — nucleus

mesencephalicus nervi trigeminalis

Abducens nerve — n. abducens

Nucleus of abducens nerve — nucleus nervi abducentis

Facial nerve — n. facialis

Nucleus of facial nerve — nucleus nervi facialis

Nucleus of solitary tract — nucleus parasolitarius

Superior salivatory nucleus — nucleus salivarius superior (cranialis)

Vestibulocochlear nerve — n. vestibulocochlearis

Ventral cochlear nucleus — nucleus cochlearis ventralis (anterior)

Dorsal cochlear nucleus — nucleus cochlearis dorsalis (posterior)

Medial vestibular nucleus — nucleus vestibularis medialis

Lateral vestibular nucleus — nucleus vestibularis lateralis

Superior vestibular nucleus — nucleus vestibularis superior (cranialis)

Inferior vestibular nucleus — nucleus vestibularis inferior (caudalis)

Glossopharyngeal nerve — n. glossopharyngeus

Ambiguus nucleus — nucleus ambiguus

Inferior salivatory nucleus — nucleus salivarius inferior (caudalis)

Vagus nerve — n. vagus

Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve — nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi

Accessory nerve — n. accessorius

Motor nucleus of accessory nerve — nucleus motorius nervi accessorii

Hypoglossal nerve — n. hypoglossus

Nucleus of hypoglossal nerve — nucleus nervi hypoglossi

Dura mater of brain — dura mater encephali

Falx cerebri — falx cerebri

Tentorium cerebelli — tentorium cerebelli

Tentorial notch — incisura tentorii

Falx cerebelli — falx cerebelli

Diaphragma sellae — diaphragma sellae

Superior sagittal sinus — sinus sagittalis superior

Lateral lacunae — lacunae laterales

Inferior sagittal sinus — sinus sagittalis inferior

Straight sinus — sinus rectus

Transverse sinus — sinus transversus

Sigmoid sinus — sinus sigmoideus

Occipital sinus — sinus occipitalis

Cavernous sinus — sinus cavernosus

Sphenoparietal sinus — sinus sphenoparietalis

Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses — sinus petrosus superior et sinus petrosus inferior

Basilar plexus — plexus basilaris

Arachnoid mater — arachnoidea mater encephali

Subdural space — spatium subdurale

Subarachnoid space — spatium subarachnoideum

Subarachnoid cisterns — cisternae subarachnoideae

Cerebellomedullary cistern — cisterna cerebellomedullaris

Cistern of the lateral recess of cerebrum — cisterna fossae lateralis cerebri

Chiasmatic cistern — cisterna chiasmatica

Interpeduncular cistern — cisterna interpeduncularis

Arachnoid granulations — granulationes arachnoideae

Granular foveolae — foveolae granulares

Pia mater — pia mater encephali

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID — liquor cerebrospinalis

Anterior cerebral artery — a. cerebri anterior

Middle cerebral artery — a. cerebri media

Anterior choroidal artery — a. choroidea anterior

Posterior communicating artery — a. communicans posterior

Basilar artery — a. basilaris

Posterior cerebral artery — a. cerebri posterior

Superior cerebellar arteries — aa. cerebelli superiores

Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries — aa. cerebelli inferiores anteriores

Labyrinthine artery — a. labyrinthi

Pontine arteries — aa. pontis

Superior cerebral veins — vv. cerebri superiores

Middle cerebral vein — v. cerebri mediana

Inferior cerebral veins — vv. cerebri inferiores

Great cerebral vein — v. cerebri magna

Internal cerebral veins — vv. internae cerebri

Posterior and dorsal veins of corpus callosum — vv. posterior et dorsalis corporis callosi

Basal vein — v. basalis