Human Anatomy - Kotsan I. Ya. 2009



Preface

Introduction

Subject matter, tasks, and significance of anatomy

Classification of Anatomical Sciences

Methods of Anatomical Research

Principles of Studying Anatomy

History of the Development of Human Anatomy

History of Human Anatomy

Development of National Anatomy

The Place of Man in Nature

Structural Elements of the Human Organism

The place of man in nature

Structural elements of the human body

The concept of organs, systems, and apparatuses

The Place of Man in Nature

Structural Elements of the Human Body

Body part, planes of symmetry, and axes of rotation

Main stages of organism development in ontogenesis

Prenatal period of development

Main stages of organism development in ontogeny

Postnatal development

Main stages of organism development in ontogenesis

Classification of age periods in the individual development of an organism

Cells and Living Matter of Non-Cellular Structure

Tissues

Bones and Their Joints

Articulations of Bones

Continuous joints of bones - synarthroses

Discontinuous bone joints - diarthroses or joints

Classification of Joints

Bones and Their Connections

Elementary movements in joints around the main axes

Bones and Their Joints

Semi-continuous joints - hemiarthroses or symphyses

Development of the Skeleton

Anatomy of the Axial Skeleton

Vertebral Column

Anatomy of the Trunk Skeleton

Articulations of the Vertebrae

Anatomy of the Axial Skeleton

Articulations of the Vertebral Column with the Skull

Anatomy of the Trunk Skeleton

Articulation of the sacrum with the fifth lumbar vertebra

Anatomy of the Axial Skeleton

Articulations of the Sacrum and Coccyx

Anatomy of the Trunk Skeleton

The Vertebral Column as a Whole

Anatomy of the Axial Skeleton

Spine Movements

Anatomy of the Trunk Skeleton

Thorax

Anatomy of the Axial Skeleton

Classification and Structure of the Ribs

Anatomy of the Trunk Skeleton

Articulations of the Thoracic Bones

Anatomy of the Axial Skeleton

The Thorax as a Whole

Anatomy of the Trunk Skeleton

Development of the Trunk Skeleton

Skeleton of the Head

Bones of the Neurocranium

Bones of the Facial Skull

Joints of the Skull Bones

The Skull as a Whole

Skull skeleton

Buttresses of the skull

Skeleton of the Head

Age, sex, and individual characteristics of the skull

The Skull and Human Races

Some data on the phylogeny of the skull

Skeleton of the head

Embryogenesis of the human skull

Skull

Variants and developmental anomalies of the cranial bones

Skeleton of the Upper Limb

Bones of the Upper Limb

Pectoral Girdle

Bones of the Free Upper Limb

Skeleton of the upper limb

Bones of the forearm

Skeleton of the Upper Limb

Bones of the Hand

Carpal Bones

Skeleton of the upper limb

Metacarpal bones

Bones of the fingers

Skeleton of the Upper Limb

Joints of the Bones of the Upper Limb

Joints of the Bones of the Pectoral Girdle

Joints of the Bones of the Free Upper Limb

Interosseous Joints of the Forearm

Skeleton of the lower limb

Bones of the lower limb

Skeleton of the Lower Limb

Pelvic Girdle

The Pelvis as a Whole

Bones of the Free Lower Limb

Skeleton of the lower limb

Bones of the leg

Skeleton of the Lower Limb

Bones of the Foot

Skeleton of the lower limb

Tarsal bones

Skeleton of the Lower Limb

Metatarsal Bones

Bones of the Toes

The Foot as a Whole

Skeleton of the lower limb

Joints of the lower limb bones

Skeleton of the Lower Limb

Joints of the Bones of the Lower Limb Girdle

Articulations of the Bones of the Free Lower Limb

Joints of the Bones of the Leg

Skeleton of the lower limb

Joints of the bones of the foot

Phylogenesis of the limbs

Limb ontogeny

Skeleton of the lower extremity

Anomalies of limb skeleton development

Myology (The Doctrine of Muscles)

Myology (The Study of Muscles)

Classification of Muscles

The Study of Muscles (Myology)

Names of Muscles

Muscle Function

Muscles and fasciae of the trunk

Muscles of the back

Superficial muscles of the back

Muscles and Fasciae of the Trunk

Deep Muscles of the Back

Fasciae of the Back

Regions of the Back

Muscles and Fascia of the Trunk

Muscles of the Thorax

Muscles and fasciae of the trunk

Superficial muscles of the thoracic cage

Muscles and Fascia of the Trunk

Deep Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

Muscles and Fasciae of the Trunk

Fasciae of the Thorax

Muscles and Fascia of the Trunk

Regions of the Thorax

Muscles and fascia of the trunk

Abdominal muscles

Muscles and Fascia of the Trunk

Muscles of the Anterior Abdominal Wall

Muscles and Fasciae of the Trunk

Muscles of the Lateral Abdominal Wall

Muscles and Fascia of the Trunk

Muscles of the Posterior Abdominal Wall

Muscles and Fasciae of the Trunk

Fasciae and Topography of the Abdominal Walls

Muscles and fasciae of the trunk

Sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle

Muscles and Fasciae of the Trunk

Linea Alba of the Abdomen

Inguinal Canal

Topography of the Inner Surface of the Anterior Abdominal Wall

Muscles and Fascia of the Trunk

Abdominal Regions

Respiratory muscles and types of respiration

Respiratory muscles and types of breathing

Muscles of inspiration

Muscles of expiration

Types of breathing

Muscles and Fasciae of the Head

Facial Muscles of the Head

Muscles of the Cranial Vault

Muscles and Fascia of the Head

Muscles surrounding the palpebral fissure

Muscles and fasciae of the head

Muscles surrounding the nasal apertures

Muscles surrounding the oral fissure

Muscles and Fasciae of the Head

Muscles of the Auricle

Muscles and Fascia of the Head

Muscles of Mastication

Muscles and Fasciae of the Head

Regions of the Head

Muscles and fascia of the head

Regions of the head proper

Muscles and Fascia of the Head

Regions of the Face

Muscles and Fascia of the Neck

Superficial Muscles of the Neck

Muscles Attached to the Hyoid Bone

Muscles and fasciae of the neck

Superficial muscles of the neck

Suprahyoid muscles

Muscles and fascia of the neck

Superficial neck muscles

Infrahyoid muscles

Muscles and fasciae of the neck

Deep muscles of the neck

Lateral group of deep neck muscles

Muscles and fascia of the neck

Medial group of the deep neck muscles

Muscles and Fascia of the Neck

Deep Muscles of the Neck

Fasciae, Fascial Sheaths, and Interfascial Spaces of the Neck

Muscles and fasciae of the neck

Deep muscles of the neck

Topography of the neck

Muscles and Fascia of the Upper Limb

Muscles and fascia of the upper limb

Muscles of the pectoral girdle

Muscles of the free upper limb

Muscles of the arm

Muscles and Fascia of the Upper Limb

Muscles of the Free Upper Limb

Muscles of the Forearm

Anterior Muscle Group of the Forearm

Muscles and fascia of the upper limb

Anterior compartment muscles of the forearm

First (superficial) layer of the anterior forearm muscles

Muscles and fascia of the upper extremity

Second layer of the anterior compartment muscles of the forearm

Muscles and Fascia of the Upper Limb

Anterior Muscle Group of the Forearm

Third Layer of Muscles of the Anterior Forearm Group

Muscles and fascia of the upper limb

Anterior muscle group of the forearm

Fourth layer of the anterior forearm muscles

Posterior compartment muscles of the forearm

Muscles and fasciae of the upper limb

Posterior group of forearm muscles

Superficial layer of the posterior forearm muscles

Muscles and Fascia of the Upper Limb

Posterior Compartment of the Forearm Muscles

Deep Layer of the Posterior Forearm Muscles

Muscles and fasciae of the upper limb

Muscles of the hand

Muscles and fascia of the upper limb

Muscles of the thenar eminence

Muscles of the hypothenar eminence

Middle group of hand muscles

Muscles and Fascia of the Upper Limb

Muscles of the Hand

Fascia and Synovial Sheaths of the Upper Limb

Topography of the Upper Limb

Muscles and Fascia of the Lower Limb

Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle

Internal Group of Pelvic Girdle Muscles

Muscles and Fasciae of the Lower Limb

External Group of Pelvic Girdle Muscles

Muscles and fascia of the lower limb

Muscles of the pelvic girdle

Superficial layer of the external group of pelvic girdle muscles

Middle layer of the external group of pelvic girdle muscles

Muscles and Fasciae of the Lower Limb

Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle

Deep layer of the external group of pelvic girdle muscles

Muscles and Fascia of the Lower Limb

Muscles of the Free Lower Limb

Muscles of the Thigh

Anterior Group of Thigh Muscles

Posterior Thigh Muscles

Medial Group of Thigh Muscles

Muscles of the Leg

Anterior Group of Leg Muscles

Muscles and fascia of the lower limb

Muscles of the leg

Posterior muscle group of the leg

Muscles and Fascia of the Lower Limb

Muscles of the Leg

Lateral Muscle Group of the Leg

Muscles of the Foot

Muscles and fascia of the lower limb

Muscles of the leg

Muscles of the dorsum of the foot

Muscles and Fasciae of the Lower Limb

Muscles of the Plantar Surface of the Foot

Muscles and Fascia of the Lower Limb

Medial Group of Plantar Foot Muscles

Lateral Group of Plantar Muscles of the Foot

Muscles and Fasciae of the Lower Limb

Middle Group of Plantar Foot Muscles

Muscles and Fascia of the Lower Limb

Fasciae, Synovial Bursae, and Tendon Sheaths of the Lower Limb

Muscles and fascia of the lower limb

Muscles of the plantar surface of the foot

Topography of the lower limb

General overview of the muscles responsible for movements of individual body parts

Movements of the vertebral column

Head movements

Muscles that perform movements at the atlanto-occipital joint

General overview of muscles responsible for movements of individual body parts

Muscles responsible for movements of the mandible in the temporomandibular joints

General overview of the muscles responsible for movements of individual body parts

Movements of the upper limb

Movements of the pectoral girdle

General overview of muscles responsible for movements of individual body parts

Shoulder movements at the shoulder joint

General overview of the muscles responsible for movements of individual body parts

Movements of the forearm at the elbow joint

General overview of the muscles producing movements of individual body parts

Muscles producing movements in the wrist joint and joints of the hand

General overview of the muscles responsible for movements of individual body parts

Muscles responsible for the movements of the fingers

General overview of muscles performing movements of individual body parts

Movements of the lower limb

Hip movements in the hip joint

General overview of the muscles responsible for movements of individual body parts

Movements of the leg at the knee joint

Muscles that perform foot movements

General overview of muscles responsible for movements of individual body parts

Muscles responsible for movements of the toes

Splanchnology

General Characteristics of Internal Organs

Doctrine of Internal Organs

Digestive System

Splanchnology

Oral Cavity

Tongue

Digestive apparatus

Teeth

Digestive System

Salivary Glands

Pharynx

Digestive system

Esophagus

Digestive System

Age-related features of the esophagus

Stomach

Age-related features of the stomach

Digestive system

Small intestine

Digestive System

Age-Related Characteristics of the Small Intestine

Doctrine of Internal Organs

Large Intestine

Splanchnology

Age-related characteristics of the large intestine

Major Digestive Glands

Liver

Major Glands of the Digestive System

Pancreas

Major glands of the digestive system

Peritoneum

Splanchnology (The Doctrine of Internal Organs)

Large Glands of the Digestive System

A Brief Comparative Anatomical Overview of the Development of the Digestive System

Splanchnology

Large glands of the digestive system

Development of the human digestive system

Major glands of the digestive system

Developmental anomalies of the digestive organs

Respiratory System

External Nose and Nasal Cavity

Larynx

Ligaments and Muscles of the Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Lungs

Pleura

Mediastinum

Phylogenetic and Ontogenetic Development of Respiratory Organs

Urogenital System

Urogenital system

Urinary organs

Kidney

Urogenital Apparatus

Urinary Organs

Ureter

Urogenital system

Urinary organs

Urinary bladder

Urogenital System

Urinary Organs

Urethra

Urogenital apparatus

Urinary organs

Age-related features of the urinary system organs

Urogenital system

Genital organs - Male genital organs

Internal male genital organs

Urogenital System

Genitals - Male Genitals

Testis

Reproductive Organs - Male Reproductive Organs

Epididymis

Urogenital Apparatus

Genitals - Male Genitals

Ductus deferens

Genital Organs - Male Genital Organs

Seminal Vesicle

Urogenital System

Reproductive Organs - Male Reproductive Organs

Prostate Gland

Urogenital system

Genitalia - Male genitalia

Bulbourethral gland

Urogenital Apparatus

Genitals - Male Genitals

Spermatic Cord

Spermatogenesis