Human Anatomy - Kotsan I. Ya. 2009

Skeleton of the lower extremity
Anomalies of limb skeleton development

Variations and Developmental anomalies of the Appendicular Skeleton BONES are diverse.

Clavicle. Clavicles most commonly differ from one another in the varying degree of their curvature. The trapezoid line and conoid tubercle on the clavicle are not always identifiable. Cases of complete absence of one or even both clavicles occur, as well as bifurcation of their acromial ends.

Scapula. The medial borders of the scapulae can be concave, convex, or straight. The depth of the scapular notch varies; sometimes its edges fuse to form a foramen instead of a notch. In some cases, the ossification center in the acromion does not fuse with the spine of the scapula, resulting in a layer of cartilaginous tissue persisting between the acromion and the scapular spine throughout life.

Humerus. A supracondylar process may be present above the medial epicondyle (in 1–2% of individuals). Occasionally, it is quite elongated and, curving downward, forms a foramen. Cases involving the absence of a part or the entire humerus are also known.

Ulna and radius. The olecranon process may fail to fuse with the body of the ulna. The radius can be absent. Sometimes the BONES OF THE forearm are markedly curved and fused together.

Bones of the hand. In some instances, additional Carpal Bones develop. Occasionally, the carpal bones are arranged in five rows (instead of the normal two). The Development of extra digits is possible. An accessory digit is usually located on the side of the little finger, and rarely on the side of the thumb. An increase or decrease in the number of phalangeal bones of the hand is also known.

Hip bone. A foramen may be present in the center of the iliac fossa. In individual cases, the iliac spines are markedly elongated.

Femur. The gluteal tuberosity is strongly pronounced, forming a prominent elevation known as the third trochanter.

Bones of the leg. The shape of the tibial shaft may be flattened rather than triangular in cross-section.

Bones of the FOOT. The development of additional Tarsal Bones is possible. For instance, the posterior process of the talus may transform into an independent triangular bone; the medial cuneiform bone may divide into two separate bones, etc. Polydactyly can occur on the foot just as on the hand.

Basic Latin terms

Pelvic Girdle (inferior appendicular girdle) — cingulum membri inferioris (cingulum pelvicum)

Hip bone — os coxae (pelvicum)

Acetabulum — acetabulum

Margin of acetabulum — limbus acetabuli

Acetabular fossa — fossa acetabuli

Acetabular notch — incisura acetabuli

Lunate surface — facies lunata

Obturator foramen — foramen obturatum

Ilium — os ilii

Body of ilium — corpus ossis ilii

Wing of ilium — ala ossis ilii

Iliac crest — crista iliaca

External lip — labium externum

Internal lip — labium internum

Iliac tubercle — tuberculum iliacum

Intermediate line — linea intermedia

Anterior superior iliac spine — spina iliaca anterior superior

Anterior inferior iliac spine — spina iliaca anterior inferior

Posterior superior iliac spine — spina iliaca posterior superior

Posterior inferior iliac spine — spina iliaca posterior inferior

Iliac fossa — fossa iliaca

Gluteal surface — facies glutealis

Anterior gluteal line — linea glutealis anterior

Posterior gluteal line — linea glutealis posterior

Inferior gluteal line — linea glutealis inferior

Auricular surface — facies auricularis

Iliac tuberosity — tuberositas iliaca

Ischium — os ischii

Body of the ischium — corpus ossis ischii

Ramus of the ischium — ramus ossis ischii

Ischial tuberosity — tuber ischiadicum

Ischial spine — spina ischiadica

Lesser sciatic notch — incisura ischiadica minor

Greater sciatic notch — incisura ischiadica major

Pubis — os pubis

Body of the pubis — corpus ossis pubis

Pubic tubercle — tuberculum pubicum

Symphyseal surface — facies symphysialis

Pubic crest — crista pubica

Superior ramus of pubis — ramus superior ossis pubis

Iliopubic eminence — eminentia iliopubica

Pecten of pubis — pecten ossis pubis

Obturator crest — crista obturatoria

Obturator groove — sulcus obturatorius

Anterior obturator tubercle — tuberculum obturatorium anterius

Posterior obturator tubercle — tuberculum obturatorium posterius

Inferior ramus of pubis — ramus inferior ossis pubis

Pelvis — pelvis

Pelvic cavity — cavitas pelvis

Pubic arch — arcus pubicus

Subpubic angle — angulus subpubicus

Greater pelvis — pelvis major

Lesser pelvis — pelvis minor

Terminal line — linea terminalis

Pelvic inlet — apertura pelvis superior

Pelvic outlet — apertura pelvis inferior

Pelvic axis — axis pelvis

Anteroposterior diameter (conjugate) — diameter (conjugata)

Transverse diameter — diameter transversa

Oblique diameter — diameter obliqua

Pelvic inclination — inclinatio pelvis

Free part of lower limb — pars libera membri inferioris

Femur — femur (os femoris)

HEAD of femur — caput ossis femoris

Fovea of head of femur — fovea capitis femoris

Neck of femur — collum femoris

Greater trochanter — trochanter major

Trochanteric fossa — fossa trochanterica

Lesser trochanter — trochanter minor

Third trochanter — trochanter tertius

Intertrochanteric line — linea intertrochanterica

Intertrochanteric crest — crista intertrochanterica

Body of femur — corpus femoris

Linea aspera — linea aspera

Lateral lip — labium laterale

Medial lip — labium mediale

Pectineal line — linea pectinea

Gluteal tuberosity — tuberositas glutealis

Popliteal surface — facies poplitea

Medial supracondylar line — linea supracondylaris medialis

Medial condyle — condylus medialis

Medial epicondyle — epicondylus medialis

Adductor tubercle — tuberculum adductorium

Lateral condyle — condylus lateralis

Lateral epicondyle — epicondylus lateralis

Lateral supracondylar line — linea supracondylaris lateralis

Popliteal groove — sulcus popliteus

Patellar surface — facies patellaris

Intercondylar fossa — fossa intercondylaris

Intercondylar line — linea intercondylaris

Patella — patella

Base of patella — basis patellae

Apex of patella — apex patellae

Articular surface — facies articularis

Anterior surface — facies anterior

Tibia — tibia

Medial condyle — condylus medialis

Lateral condyle — condylus lateralis

Fibular articular facet — facies articularis fibularis

Superior articular surface — facies articularis superior

Anterior intercondylar area — area intercondylaris anterior

Posterior intercondylar area — area intercondylaris posterior

Intercondylar eminence — eminentia intercondylaris

Medial intercondylar tubercle — tuberculum intercondylare mediale

Lateral intercondylar tubercle — tuberculum intercondylare laterale

Shaft of tibia — corpus tibiae

Tibial tuberosity — tuberositas tibiae

Medial surface — facies medialis

Posterior surface — facies posterior

Soleal line — linea musculi solei

Lateral surface — facies lateralis

Interosseous border — margo interosseus

Anterior border — margo anterior

Medial border — margo medialis

Medial malleolus — malleolus medialis

Articular surface of the malleolus — facies articularis malleoli

Fibular notch — incisura fibularis

Inferior articular surface — facies articularis inferior

Fibula — fibula

Head of fibula — caput fibulae

Articular surface of the head of fibula — facies

articularis capitis fibulae

Apex of the head of fibula — apex capitis fibulae

Neck of fibula — collum fibulae

Shaft of fibula — corpus fibulae

Lateral surface — facies lateralis

Medial surface — facies medialis

Posterior surface — facies posterior

Anterior border — margo anterior

Interosseous border — margo interosseus

Posterior border — margo posterior

Lateral malleolus — malleolus lateralis

Articular surface of the malleolus — facies articularis malleoli

Malleolar fossa — fossa malleoli lateralis

Malleolar sulcus — sulcus malleolaris

Bones of the foot — ossa pedis

Tarsal bones — ossa tarsi

Talus — talus

Head of talus — caput tali

Navicular articular surface — facies articularis navicularis

Neck of talus — collum tali

Body of talus — corpus tali

Trochlea of talus — trochlea tali

Superior surface — facies superior

Medial malleolar surface — facies malleolaris medialis

Lateral malleolar surface — facies malleolaris lateralis

Lateral process of talus — processus lateralis tali

Posterior calcaneal articular surface — facies articularis calcanea posterior

Sulcus of talus — sulcus tali

Middle calcaneal articular surface — facies articularis calcanea media

Anterior calcaneal articular surface — facies articularis calcanea anterior

Posterior process of talus — processus posterior tali

Groove for tendon of flexor hallucis longus Muscle — sulcus

tendinis musculi flexoris hallucis longi

Medial tubercle — tuberculum mediale

Lateral tubercle — tuberculum laterale

Calcaneus — calcaneus

Calcaneal tuberosity — tuber calcanei

Medial process of calcaneal tuberosity — processus medialis tuberis calcanei

Lateral process of calcaneal tuberosity — processus lateralis tuberis calcanei

Sustentaculum tali — sustentacium tali

Groove for tendon of flexor hallucis longus muscle — sulcus tendinis musculi flexoris hallucis longi

Tarsal sinus — sinus tarsi

Anterior talar articular surface — facies articularis talaris anterior

Middle talar articular surface — facies articularis talaris media

Posterior talar articular surface — facies articularis talaris posterior

Groove for tendon of fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle — sulcus tendinis musculi peronei fibularis) longi

Fibular (peroneal) trochlea — trochlea peronealis (fibularis)

Cuboid articular surface — facies articularis cuboidea

Navicular bone — os naviculare

Tuberosity of the navicular bone — tuberositas ossis navicularis

Intermediate cuneiform bone — os cuneiforme intermedium

Medial cuneiform bone — os cuneiforme mediale

Lateral cuneiform bone — os cuneiforme laterale

Cuboid bone — os cuboideum

Tuberosity of the cuboid bone — tuberositas ossis cuboidei

Calcaneal process — processus calcaneus

Groove for tendon of fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle — sulcus tendinis musculi peronei (fibularis) longi

Metatarsal Bones — ossa metatarsi

Base of metatarsal bone — basis metatarsalis

Body of metatarsal bone — corpus metatarsale

Head of metatarsal bone — caput metatarsale

Tuberosity of the first metatarsal bone — tuberositas ossis metatarsalis primi

Tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone — tuberositas ossis metatarsalis quinti

Bones of the digits (Phalanges) — ossa digitorum (phalangeus)

Proximal phalanx — phalanx proximalis

Middle phalanx — phalanx media

Distal phalanx — phalanx distalis

Tuberosity of the distal phalanx — tuberositas phalangis distalis

Base of phalanx — basis phalangis

Body of phalanx — corpus phalangis

Head of phalanx — caput phalangis

Sesamoid bones — ossa sesamoidea

JOINTS OF THE lower limb — articulationes membri inferioris

Joints of the Lower limb girdle (pelvic girdle joints) — articulationes cinguli pelvici

Sacroiliac joint — articulatio sacroiliaca

Anterior (ventral) sacroiliac ligaments — ligg. sacroiliaca anteriora (ventralia)

Interosseous sacroiliac ligaments — ligg. sacroiliaca interossea

Posterior (dorsal) sacroiliac ligaments — ligg. sacroiliaca posteriora (dorsalia)

Iliolumbar ligament — lig. iliolumbale

Sacrospinous ligament — lig. sacrospinale

Sacrotuberous ligament — lig. sacrotuberale

Falciform process — processus falciformis

Greater sciatic foramen — foramen ischiadicum majus

Lesser sciatic foramen — foramen ischiadicum minus

Pubic Symphysis — symphysis pubica

Interpubic disc — discus interpubicus

Superior pubic ligament — lig. pubicum superius

Arcuate pubic ligament — lig. arcuatum pubis

Obturator membrane — membrana obturatoria

Obturator canal — canalis obturatorius

Hip joint — articulatio coxae

Acetabular labrum — labrum acetabulare

Transverse acetabular ligament — lig. transversum acetabuli

Iliofemoral ligament — lig. iliofemorale

Pubofemoral ligament — lig. pubofemorale

Ischiofemoral ligament — lig. ischiofemorale

Zona orbicularis — zona orbicularis

Ligament of head of femur — lig. capitis femoris

Knee joint — articulatio genus

Lateral meniscus — meniscus lateralis

Anterior meniscofemoral ligament — lig. meniscofemorale anterius

Posterior meniscofemoral ligament — lig. meniscofemorale posterius

Medial meniscus — meniscus medialis

Transverse ligament of knee — lig. transversum genus

Anterior cruciate ligament — lig. cruciatum anterius

Posterior cruciate ligament — lig. cruciatum posterius

Infrapatellar synovial fold — plica synovialis infrapatellaris

Alar folds — plicae alares

Fibular collateral ligament — lig. collaterale fibulare

Tibial collateral ligament — lig. collaterale tibiale

Oblique popliteal ligament — lig. popliteum obliquum

Arcuate popliteal ligament — lig. popliteum arcuatum

Patellar ligament — lig.patellae

Medial patellar retinaculum — retinaculum patellae mediale

Lateral patellar retinaculum — retinaculum patellae laterale

Tibiofibular joint — articulatio tibiofibularis

Anterior ligament of fibular head — lig. capitis fibulae anterius

Posterior ligament of fibular head — lig. capitis fibulae posterius

Interosseous membrane of the leg — membrana interossea cruris

Ankle joint — articulatio talocruralis

Medial (deltoid) ligament — lig. mediale (deltoideum)

Tibionavicular part — pars tibionavicularis

Tibiocalcaneal part — pars tibiocalcanea

Anterior tibiotalar part — pars tibiotalaris anterior

Posterior tibiotalar part — pars tibiotalaris posterior

Anterior talofibular ligament — lig. talofibulare anterius

Posterior talofibular ligament — lig. talofibulare posterius

Calcaneofibular ligament — lig. calcaneofibulare

Joints of the foot — articulationes pedis

Subtalar (talocalcaneal) joint — articulatio subtalaris (talocalcanea)

Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament — lig. talocalcaneum interosseum

Lateral talocalcaneal ligament — lig. talocalcaneum laterale

Medial talocalcaneal ligament — lig. talocalcaneum mediale

Talocalcaneonavicular joint — articulatio talocalcaneonavicularis

Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament — lig. calcaneonaviculare plantare

Dorsal talonavicular ligament — lig. talonaviculare dorsale

Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament — lig. calcaneonaviculare plantare

Calcaneocuboid joint — articulatio calcaneocuboidea

Long plantar ligament — lig. plantare longum

Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament — lig. calcaneocuboideum plantare

Transverse tarsal joint — articulatio tarsi transversa

Bifurcate ligament — lig. bifurcatum

Calcaneocuboid ligament — lig. calcaneocuboideum

Calcaneonavicular ligament — lig. calcaneonaviculare

Cuneocuboideonavicular joint — articulatio cuneocuboideonavicularis

Dorsal cuneonavicular ligaments — ligg. cuneonavicularia dorsalia

Dorsal cuboideonavicular ligament — lig. cuboideonaviculare dorsale

Dorsal intercuneiform ligaments — ligg. intercuneiformia dorsalia

Plantar cuboideonavicular ligament — lig. cuboideonaviculare plantare

Plantar cuneocuboideal ligament — lig. cuneocuboideum plantare

Plantar cuneonavicular ligaments — ligg. cuneonavicularia plantaria

Plantar intercuneiform ligaments — ligg. intercuneiformia plantaria

Interosseous intercuneiform ligaments — ligg. intercuneiformia interossea

Interosseous cuneocuboidean ligament — lig. cuneocuboideum interosseum

Tarsometatarsal joints — articulationes tarsometatarsales

Intermetatarsal joints — articulationes intermetatarsales

Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments — ligg. tarsometatarsalia dorsalia

Plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments — ligg. tarsometatarsalia plantaria

Interosseous cuneometatarsal ligaments — ligg. cuneometatarsalia interossea

Metatarsophalangeal joints — articulationes metatarsophalangeales

Collateral ligaments — ligg. collateralia

Plantar ligaments — ligg. plantaria

Deep transverse metatarsal ligament — lig. metatarsale transversum profundum

Interphalangeal joints of the foot — articulationes interphalangeales pedis

Collateral ligaments — ligg. collateralia

Plantar ligaments — ligg. plantaria