Human Anatomy - Kotsan I. Y. 2009

Sense Organs
Organ of Vision (Eye)
Developmental Anomalies of the Eyeball

The complex Development of the Eyeball sometimes results in congenital defects. The most common are irregular curvatures of the cornea or lens, which distort the image on the retina (astigmatism). Altered Proportions of the eyeball lead to congenital myopia (an elongated visual axis) or hyperopia (a shortened visual axis).

Occasionally, during fetal development, embryonic Arteries in the vitreous body fail to regress, impeding light transmission through the vitreous. Impairments in lens transparency also occur (congenital cataracts). Underdevelopment of the scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm) or the spaces of the iridocorneal angle (Fontana's spaces) causes congenital glaucoma.

Some individuals may lack the cones responsible for perceiving one, two, or even all three primary colors. To such people, the surrounding world appears entirely gray. This color perception anomaly is known as color blindness (daltonism). It affects 8% of men and 0.5% of women.



Last update: 08/08/2026

Editorial and Educational Adaptation: This material has been compiled based on the primary/original source text. The project team performed an editorial review, corrected technical inaccuracies, structured sections, and adapted the content for an educational format.

What was processed:

  • elimination of formatting defects (OCR errors, structural breaks, corrupted characters);
  • editorial organization of content;
  • standardization of terminology in accordance with academic sources;
  • verification of factual statements against the original source text.

All mentions of the author, publication year, and origin of the primary text have been preserved in accordance with the source.