Human Anatomy - Kotsan I. Ya. 2009

Skeleton of the Lower Limb
Bones of the Foot

The human FOOT serves the Functions of support and locomotion. Its architecture as a strong, resilient, curved arch with short toes is directly related to this role. The key Features of the modern human foot include the presence of arches, structural strength, reinforcement of the medial border, shortened toes, strengthening and adduction of the great toe (which is non-oppposable), and broadening of its distal phalanx. The Tarsal Bones, which bear significant loads, are massive and robust. The foot acquired this structural design already in human fossil ancestors in connection with their transition to bipedalism.

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Fig. 72. BONES OF THE foot (right, dorsal surface)

1 — calcaneus, 2 — talus, 3 — cuboid bone, 4 — navicular bone, 5 — lateral cuneiform bone, 6 — intermediate cuneiform bone, 7 — medial cuneiform bone, 8 — Base of the first metatarsal bone, 9 — body of the first metatarsal bone, 10 — second metatarsal bone, 11 — HEAD of the first metatarsal bone, 12 — base of the proximal phalanx, 13 — body of the proximal phalanx, 14 — head of the proximal phalanx, 15 — distal phalanx, 16 — tuberosity of the distal phalanx, 17 — distal phalanx, 18 — middle phalanx, 19 — proximal phalanx, 20 — tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone, 21 — trochlea of the talus

The foot (pes) consists of three parts: the tarsus, metatarsus, and digits (Fig. 72).