Human Anatomy - Kotsan I. Ya. 2009

Skeleton of the Upper Limb
Bones of the Upper Limb

Limb differentiation holds a prominent place in the evolution of higher vertebrates, as it was crucial in enabling reptiles, and later birds and mammals, to adapt to diverse environmental conditions.

In humans, as in most terrestrial vertebrates, There are two pairs of limbs: upper and lower. Human limb Functions are clearly demarcated: the upper limbs serve as Organs of labor, while the lower limbs function as organs of support and locomotion.

The anatomical and functional Features of the human upper limbs evolved under METABOLISM/18.html">The Influence of labor activity. The hand became an organ of work. The palm acquired the ability not merely to grasp objects, as seen in various animals, but to encircle them securely, made possible by the opposition of the thumb to the other fingers.

The Skeleton of the Upper Limb comprises the Pectoral Girdle (cingulum membri superioris) and the Free part of the upper limb (pars libera membri superioris).



Last update: 08/08/2026

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