Human Anatomy - Kotsan I. Y. 2009

General overview of the muscles responsible for movements of individual body parts
Movements of the lower limb
Muscles that perform foot movements

The following Movements of the FOOT are distinguished: flexion, extension, slight adduction and abduction as the foot flexes, pronation, and supination.

Foot flexion (movement towards the sole). The foot flexors cross the frontal axis of the ankle joint and are located posterior to it on the posterior and lateral surfaces of the leg. These Muscles include:

1) the triceps surae Muscle;

2) the plantaris muscle;

3) the tibialis posterior muscle;

4) the flexor hallucis longus muscle;

5) the flexor digitorum longus muscle;

6) the fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle;

7) the fibularis (peroneus) brevis muscle.

Foot extension (movement towards the dorsum of the foot). The foot extensors cross the frontal axis of the ankle joint, but are located anterior to it, forming the anterior compartment of the leg muscles. These muscles include:

1) the tibialis anterior muscle;

2) the extensor digitorum longus muscle;

3) the extensor hallucis longus muscle.

Foot adduction. There are no dedicated muscles that solely adduct the foot; this movement is performed According to the parallelogram of forces rule through the simultaneous contraction of the following muscles:

1) the tibialis anterior muscle;

2) the tibialis posterior muscle.

Foot abduction. The muscles involved in foot abduction are located laterally to the vertical axis of the ankle joint.

These muscles are:

1) the fibularis (peroneus) brevis muscle;

2) the fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle.

Pronation of the foot is performed by muscles located laterally to the sagittal axis of the foot. They include:

1) the fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle;

2) the fibularis (peroneus) brevis muscle;

3) the fibularis (peroneus) tertius muscle (which represents an accessory tendon of the extensor digitorum longus and extends to the Base of the fifth metatarsal bone).

Supination of the foot is performed by muscles that cross the sagittal axis of the foot and are located medially to it. The foot is supinated by:

1) tibialis anterior muscle;

2) tibialis posterior muscle;

3) extensor hallucis longus muscle;

4) flexor digitorum longus muscle.

The alternating action of the muscle groups passing near the JOINTS OF THE foot and extending to it from the leg causes its circumduction.