Human Anatomy - Kotsan I. Ya. 2009

Introduction
Classification of Anatomical Sciences

The science that studies a healthy living human in their natural normal state is called Normal Anatomy.

The science whose subject of study is the Changes in the body's Structure occurring under METABOLISM/18.html">The Influence of diseases is called pathological anatomy.

At The current stage of scientific development, normal anatomy includes systematic, topographical, age-related, comparative, functional (its applied aspects being dynamic and sports), plastic, projection anatomy, X-ray anatomy, and ecological anatomy.

Systematic anatomy studies the Organism by systems (skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, etc.). Systematic anatomy largely reflects the functional principle, as its description is conducted taking into account the functional combination of various Organs and systems into apparatuses.

Topographical Anatomy studies the relative position of organs. It emerged as a science necessary for practical medicine, especially surgery, which is why it received another name—surgical anatomy.

Age-related anatomy studies changes in The structure of the body and its parts during The process of individual organism development, or ontogeny (from the Greek ontos — being, genesis — development), as well as the Features of human organ and system development in the process of animal world evolution, i.e., phylogeny (phylon — tribe). Of great importance here are the data of comparative anatomy, which studies the structural transformations of similar organs in various animals.

Functional Anatomy, based on THE PRINCIPLE OF The Unity of form and function, examines the structures of individual body parts depending on the Functions they perform, which significantly expands and deepens the anatomical knowledge obtained through human body dissection.

Based on the fundamental principles of functional anatomy, dynamic and sports anatomy have developed.

Dynamic anatomy (dynamikos — acting) is the science that studies the anatomical basis of human body movements and postures (the proportions of its parts, their mutual arrangement), provides an anatomical Analysis of the work of the passive and active parts of The Musculoskeletal System, and evaluates the state of all organs and systems in the process. Dynamic anatomy is closely linked to sports anatomy, one of the tasks of which is to study the morphofunctional reorganizations of the organism under conditions of repeated movements and postures.

Plastic anatomy (plastike — to mold) studies the external form of The Human Body and those features of its internal structure that determine it. This science has an applied significance for fine arts (painting, graphics, and sculpture).

Depending on specific research tasks, one also distinguishes projection anatomy, which analyzes the projection of organs onto the external surface of the human body, and X-ray anatomy, which studies the STRUCTURE OF THE human organism using X-rays.

At the present stage, due to the development and successes of experimental physiology and pathology, an experimental direction has also emerged in anatomy—experimental Morphology, which studies the structural foundations of the adaptation (adaptatio — adjustment) of the human organism to changing environmental conditions (Temperature fluctuations, hypokinesia, hypodynamia, vibration, weightlessness, changes in atmospheric composition, etc.).

Relatively recently, due to the deterioration of the ecological environment, another direction in anatomy has emerged—ecological anatomy, which studies the structure, shape, and changes of organs depending on environmental conditions.