Human Anatomy - Kotsan I. Ya. 2009

Splanchnology
Major glands of the digestive system
Developmental anomalies of the digestive organs

Disorders of the embryonic Development of the Digestive System can lead to various congenital anomalies and malformations of its Organs. The most common malformation is the so-called cleft lip, which occurs due to the failure of the frontonasal and maxillary processes to fuse during facial development. As a result, a cleft forms in the upper lip, either to the right or left of the midline, or on both sides simultaneously. Similarly, the palatine shelves of the maxillary processes may fail to fuse, leaving a cleft along the midline of the palate. This condition is known as a cleft palate. The severity of these malformations can vary, and combinations of both defects are sometimes observed. Other developmental anomalies include incomplete fusion or excessive fusion of the maxillary and mandibular processes. In the former case, the oral fissure is abnormally enlarged (macrostoma), while in the latter, it is abnormally small (microstoma).

Severe embryonic defects include so-called branchial fistulae, which result from the rupture of the pharyngeal pouches and form a passage extending from the Skin surface to the Pharynx, Esophagus, or Trachea.

Cases of esophageal stenosis are rare. Various shapes of The Stomach, as well as its duplication or complete absence, have also been described.

Among embryonic intestinal defects (occurring in approximately 2% of people), Meckel's diverticulum (ileal diverticulum) is observed—a remnant of the vitelline (omphalomesenteric) duct located on the ileum at a distance of 60–70 cm from the cecum (ileocecal valve), reaching a length of 3–8 cm. Another variation is a common mesentery of the ileum and cecum, caused by a disruption in the normal development of the duodenum, colon, and dorsal mesentery. In some cases, the anal membrane persists, preventing the opening of the anal canal.

Complete or partial situs inversus (Reversal of the Internal Organs) is very rare. In such cases, the Liver is located on the left, the Spleen and stomach on the right, and so on, which is caused by a disturbance in the Rotation of the intestinal loop.

In addition to the Anatomical Features mentioned above, There are many others that depend on a person's AGE AND SEX.

Main Latin terms

Mucous membrane — tunica mucosa

Submucosa — tela submucosa

Muscular layer — tunica muscularis

Serous membrane — tunica serosa

Subserous layer — tela subserosa

Adventitia — tunica adventitia

Digestive apparatus — apparatus digestorius

Digestive system — systema alimentarium

Alimentary canal — canalis alimentaris

Oral Cavity — cavitas oris

Vestibule of Mouth — vestibulum oris

Upper lip — labium superius

Tubercle — tuberculum

Lower lip — labium inferius

Oral fissure — rima oris

Lip commissure — commissura labiorum

Angle of mouth — angulus oris

Cheek — bucca

Fat body of cheek — corpus adiposum buccae

Frenulum of upper lip — frenulum labii superioris

Frenulum of lower lip — frenulum labii inferioris

Proper oral cavity — cavitas oris propria

Palate — palatum

Hard palate — palatum durum

Transverse palatine folds — plicae palatinae transversae

Palatine raphe — raphe palati

Soft palate — palatum molle

Palatine velum — velum palatinum

Palatine uvula — uvula palatina

Palatoglossal arch — arcus palatoglossus

Palatopharyngeal arch — arcus palatopharyngeus

Muscle of uvula — musculus uvulae

Levator veli palatini muscle — musculus levator veli palatini

Tensor veli palatini muscle — musculus tensor veli palatini

Palatoglossal muscle — musculus palatoglossus

Palatopharyngeal muscle — musculus palatopharyngeus

Tongue — lingua

Body of tongue — corpus linguae

ROOT of tongue — radix linguae

Apex of tongue — apex linguae

Dorsum of tongue — dorsum linguae

Terminal sulcus — sulcus terminalis

Inferior surface of tongue — facies inferior linguae

Margin of the tongue — margo linguae

Frenulum of the tongue — frenulum linguae

Sublingual caruncle — caruncula sublingualis

Sublingual fold — plica sublingualis

Fimbriated fold — plica fimbriata

Median sulcus of the tongue — sulcus medianus linguae

Lingual papillae — papillae linguales

Filiform papillae — papillae filiformes

Conical papillae — papillae conicae

Fungiform papillae — papillae fungiformes

Vallate papillae — papillae vallatae

Foliate papillae — papillae foliatae

Lingual tonsil — tonsila lingualis

Septum of the tongue — septum linguae

Styloglossus muscle — musculus styloglossus

Hyoglossus muscle — musculus hyoglossus

Genioglossus muscle — musculus genioglossus

Superior longitudinal muscle — musculus longitudinalis superior

Inferior longitudinal muscle — musculus longitudinalis inferior

Transverse muscle of the tongue — musculus transversus linguae

Vertical muscle of the tongue — musculus verticalis linguae

Teeth — dentes

Clinical crown of the tooth — corona dentis

Occlusal surface (masticatory surface) — facies occlusalis

Vestibular surface — facies vestibularis

Lingual surface — facies lingualis

Contact surface — facies contactus

Mesial surface — facies mesialis

Distal surface — facies distalis

Neck of the tooth — collum (cervix) dentis

Root of the tooth — radix dentis

Apex of the tooth root — apex radicis dentis

Apical foramen of the tooth — foramen apicis dentis

Dentin — dentinum

Enamel — enamelum

Cementum — cementum

Pulp cavity — cavitas dentis

Pulp chamber — cavitas coronae

Root canal — canalis radicis dentis

Dental pulp — pulpa dentis

Coronal pulp — pulpa coronalis

Radicular pulp — pulpa radicularis

Periodontium — periodontium

Incisors — dentes incisivi

Canines — dentes canini

Premolars — dentes premolares

Molars — dentes molares

Wisdom tooth — dens serotinus

Deciduous teeth — dentes decidui

Permanent teeth — dentes permanentes

Слина — saliva

Малі Слинні залози — glandulae salivariae minores

Губні залози — glandulae labiales

Щічні залози — glandulae buccales

Кутні залози — glandulae molares

Піднебінні залози — glandulae palatinae

Язикові залози — glandulae linguales

Великі слинні залози — glandulae salivariae majores

Привушна залоза — glandula parotidea

Привушна протока — ductus parotideus

Додаткова привушна залоза — glandula parotidea accessoria

Піднижньощелепна залоза — glandula submandibularis

Піднижньощелепна протока — ductus submandibularis

Під’язикова залоза — glandula sublingualis

Велика під’язикова протока — ductus sublingualis major

Малі під’язикові протоки — ductus sublinguales minores

Глотка — pharynx

Заглотковий простір — spatium retropharyngeum

Бічний глотковий простір — spatium lateropharyngeum

Навкологлотковий простір — spatium peripharyngeum

Носова частина глотки — pars nasalis pharyngis

Глотковий отвір слухової труби — ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivae

Трубний валок — torus tubarius

Глотковий (аденоїдний) мигдалик — tonsilla pharyngealis (adenoidea)

Трубний мигдалик — tonsilla tubaria

Oral part of pharynx — pars oralis pharyngis

Laryngeal part of pharynx — pars laryngea pharyngis

Piriform recess — recessus piriformis

Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle — musculus constrictor pharyngis superior

Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle — musculus constrictor pharyngis medius

Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle — musculus constrictor pharyngis inferior

Stylopharyngeus muscle — musculus stylopharyngeus

Palatopharyngeus muscle — musculus palatopharyngeus

Esophagus — oesophagus

Cervical part — pars cervicalis

Thoracic part — pars thoracica

Abdominal part — pars abdominalis

Stomach — ventriculus, gaster

Anterior wall — paries anterior

Posterior wall — paries posterior

Greater curvature of stomach — curvatura ventriculi major

Lesser curvature of stomach — curvatura ventriculi minor

Cardiac orifice — ostium cardiacum

Angular notch — incisura angularis

Cardiac notch — incisura cardiaca

Cardiac part — pars cardiaca

Fundus (dome) of stomach — fundus (fornix) ventriculi

Body of stomach — corpus ventriculi

Pyloric part — pars pylorica

Pyloric antrum — antrum pyloricum

Pyloric canal — canalis pyloricus

Pylorus — pylorus

Pyloric orifice — ostium pyloricum

Hepatogastric ligament — ligamentum hepatogastricum

Gastrocolic ligament — lig. gastrocolicum

Gastrosplenic ligament — lig. gastrosplenicum

Pyloric sphincter — musculus sphincter pylori

Pyloric valve — valvula pylorica

Gastric folds — plicae gastricae

Gastric areas — area gastricae

Gastric pits — foveolae gastricae

Cardiac glands — glandulae cardiacae

Gastric glands proper — glandulae gastricae propriae

Pyloric glands — glandulae pyloricae

Small Intestine — intestinum tenue

Duodenum — duodenum

Superior part — pars superior

Superior duodenal flexure — flexura duodeni superior

Duodenal ampulla (bulb) — ampulla (bulbus) duodeni

Descending part — pars descendens

Inferior duodenal flexure — flexura duodeni inferior

Horizontal part — pars horisontalis

Ascending part — pars ascendens

Duodenojejunal flexure — flexura duodenojejunalis

Suspensory muscle of duodenum — musculus suspensorius duodeni

Longitudinal fold of duodenum — plica longitudinalis duodeni

Major duodenal papilla — papilla duodeni major

Minor duodenal papilla — papilla duodeni minor

Intestinal villi — villi intestinales

Intestinal glands — glandulae intestinales

Duodenal glands — glandulae duodenales

Jejunum — jejunum

Ileum — ileum

Ileocecal orifice — ostium ileocaecale

Solitary lymphoid follicles (nodes) — folliculi lymphatici solitarii

Aggregated lymphoid follicles (Peyer's patches) — noduli (folliculi) lymphatici aggregati

Large Intestine — intestinum crassum

Mesenteric taenia — taenia mesocolica

Omental taenia — taenia omentalis

Free taenia — taenia libera

Haustra of colon — haustra coli

Semilunar folds — plicae semilunares

Epiploic Appendices (omental appendages) — appendices epiploicae (omentales)

Cecum — caecum

Ileocecal valve — valva ileocaecalis

Vermiform Appendix — appendix vermiformis

Orifice of vermiform appendix — ostium appendicis vermiformis

Colon — colon

Ascending colon — colon ascendens

Right colic flexure — flexura coli dextra

Transverse colon — colon transversum

Left colic flexure — flexura coli sinistra

Descending colon — colon descendens

Sigmoid colon — colon sigmoideum

Rectum — rectum

Perineal flexure — flexura perinealis

Sacral flexure — flexura sacralis

Ampulla of rectum — ampulla recti

Anal canal — canalis analis

Anus — anus

Transverse folds of rectum — plicae transversales recti

Anal columns — columnae anales

Anal sinuses — sinus anales

Anal Valves — valvulae anales

Anorectal line — linea anorectalis

Anocutaneous line — linea anocutanea

Rectal venous plexus — plexus venosus rectalis

Internal anal sphincter — musculus sphincter ani internus

External anal sphincter — musculus sphincter ani externus

Liver — hepar

Diaphragmatic surface — facies diaphragmatica

Falcoiform ligament — lig. falciforme hepatis

Right lobe of liver — lobus hepatis dexter

Left lobe of liver — lobus hepatis sinister

Coronary ligament — lig. coronarium

Right triangular ligament — lig. triangulare dextrum

Left triangular ligament — lig. triangulare sinistrum

Cardiac impression — impressio cardiaca

Visceral surface — facies visceralis

Fossa for Gallbladder — fossa vesicae biliaris

Groove for INFERIOR VENA CAVA — sulcus venae cavae

Fissure for round ligament — fissura ligamenti teretis

Fissure for venous ligament — fissura ligamenti venosi

Round ligament of liver — lig. teres hepatis

Ligamentum venosum — lig. venosum

Porta hepatis — porta hepatis

Quadrate lobe — lobus quadratus

Caudate lobe — lobus caudatus

Gastric impression — impressio gastrica

Esophageal impression — impressio oesophagea

Duodenal impression — impressio duodenalis

Renal impression — impressio renalis

Suprarenal impression — impressio suprarenalis

Colic impression — impressio colica

Inferior border of liver — margo inferior hepatis

Posterior border of liver — margo posterior hepatis

Serous coat — tunica serosa

Fibrous capsule — tunica fibrosa

Perivascular fibrous capsule — capsula fibrosa perivascularis

Hepatic lobule — lobulus hepatis

Bile ductules — ductuli biliferi

Interlobular ductules — ductuli interlobulares

Right hepatic duct — ductus hepaticus dexter

Left hepatic duct — ductus hepaticus sinister

Common hepatic duct — ductus hepaticus communis

Cystic duct — ductus cysticus

Admirable network — rete mirabile

Proper hepatic artery — a. hepatica propria

Portal vein — v. portae

Interlobular Arteries — aa. interlobulares

Interlobular Veins — vv. interlobulares

Sublobular veins — vv. Sublobulares

Gallbladder — vesica biliaris

Fundus of gallbladder — fundus vesicae biliaris

Body of gallbladder — corpus vesicae biliaris

Neck of gallbladder — collum vesicae biliaris

Cystic duct — ductus cysticus

Common bile duct — ductus choledochus (biliaris)

Hepatopancreatic ampulla — ampulla hepatopancreatica

Sphincter of hepatopancreatic ampulla — m. sphincter ampullae hepatopancreaticae

Sphincter of bile duct — m. sphincter ductus choledochi

Spiral fold — plica spiralis

Pancreas — pancreas

Capsule of pancreas — capsula pancreatis

HEAD of pancreas — caput pancreatis

Uncinate process — processus uncinatus

Pancreatic notch — incisura pancreatis

Body of pancreas — corpus pancreatis

Anterior surface — facies anterior

Posterior surface — facies posterior

Inferior surface — facies inferior

Superior margin — margo superior

Anterior margin — margo anterior

Inferior margin — margo inferior

Omental tuber — tuber omentale

Tail of pancreas — cauda pancreatis

Pancreatic duct — ductus pancreaticus

Sphincter of pancreatic duct — m. sphincter ductus pancreatici

Accessory pancreatic duct — ductus pancreaticus accessorius

Pancreatic lobules — lobuli pancreatici

Pancreatic islets — insulae pancreaticae

Abdominal cavity — cavitas abdominis

Peritoneum — peritoneum

Parietal peritoneum — peritoneum parietale

Visceral peritoneum — peritoneum viscerale

Peritoneal cavity — cavitas peritonealis

Hepatic bursa — bursa hepatica

Pregastric bursa — bursa pregastrica

Omental bursa — bursa omentalis

Splenic recess — recessus splenicus (lienalis)

Superior omental recess — recessus superior omentalis

Inferior omental recess — recessus inferior omentalis

Omental foramen — foramen omentale

Right lateral channel — canalis lateralis dexter

Left lateral channel — canalis lateralis sinister

Right mesenteric sinus — sinus mesentericus dexter

Left mesenteric sinus — sinus mesentericus sinister

Superior duodenal recess — recessus duodenalis superior

Inferior duodenal recess — recessus duodenalis inferior

Superior ileocaecal recess — recessus ileocaecalis superior

Inferior ileocaecal recess — recessus ileocaecalis inferior

Retrocaecal recess — recessus retrocaecalis

Intersigmoid recess — recessus intersigmoideus

Rectovesical pouch — excavatio rectovesicalis

Rectovesical folds — plicae rectovesicales

Rectouterine pouch — excavatio rectouterina

Rectouterine folds — plicae rectouterinae

Vesicouterine pouch — excavatio vesicouterina

Lesser omentum — omentum minus

Hepatoduodenal ligament — lig. hepatoduodenale

Hepatogastric ligament — lig. hepatogastricum

Greater omentum — omentum majus