MEDICAL BIOLOGY, HUMAN ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND PATHOLOGY - Y.I. Fedonyuk 2010

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY

SECTION 6. THE RESPIRATORY PROCESS AND ITS PATHOLOGY

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISEASES

LARYNGITIS

Laryngitis is inflammation of the laryngeal mucosa. It can be either acute or chronic in its clinical course.

Acute laryngitis typically occurs in combination with acute pharyngitis, tracheitis, or catarrh of the Upper Respiratory Tract.

Pathomorphological changes in acute catarrhal laryngitis involve hyperemia and edema of the laryngeal mucosa. Leukocytic infiltration in the epithelial and subepithelial layers indicates acute pathological changes. Isolated areas where the ciliated columnar epithelium is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium can also be observed.

Chronic laryngitis may develop as a continuation of acute laryngitis. A number of factors, namely constant Mouth breathing, alcohol consumption, and smoking, contribute to the transition of the acute process into a chronic one. Impairment of local and general reactivity of the Organism plays a major role in The Development of chronic laryngitis.

There are three forms of chronic laryngitis: catarrhal, hypertrophic, and atrophic.

The catarrhal form is the most common. Pathomorphological changes are characterized by hyperemia and uniform thickening of the laryngeal mucosa, especially the vocal cords, covered with a thin layer of mucus. The epithelium undergoes metaplasia from columnar to squamous and desquamates.

In the hypertrophic form of chronic laryngitis, localized thickenings are observed on the hyperemic laryngeal mucosa, being more pronounced in certain areas of the Larynx. The vocal cords are frequently thickened; their edges are uneven, notched, or appear as symmetric or asymmetric ridge-like thickenings. Hypertrophy of the laryngeal ventricles is also frequently observed.

In the atrophic form of chronic laryngitis, the laryngeal mucosa is dry and glossy. The laryngeal ventricles are dilated due to Atrophy of the mucosa and submucosa. Dried mucus is difficult to clear, and superficial bleeding ulcers often form beneath the crusts. As a result of the atrophic process, the vocal cords are thinned, leaving a gap between them during phonation, which leads to laryngeal Muscle strain when the patient speaks.