Review of Medical Physiology - William F. Ganong 2002



Introduction

Preface to the Ukrainian Edition

Introduction

General Principles and Cellular Basis of Human Physiology

Introduction

General Principles

Functional Morphology of the Cell

General Principles and Cellular Foundations of Human Physiology

Structure and Functions of DNA and RNA

General Principles and Cellular Basis of Human Physiology

Transport Across the Cell Membrane

Capillary Wall

Intercellular Communication

Homeostasis

Aging

References for Part I: Introduction

Physiology of Nerve and Muscle Cells

Excitatory Tissue: Nerve

Introduction

Excitable Tissue: Nervous

Nerve Cells

Excitable Tissue: Nerve

Excitation and Conduction

Excitatory Tissue: Nerve

Ionic Basis of Excitation and Conduction

Excitable Tissue: Nerve

Properties of Mixed Nerves

Types of Nerve Fibers and Their Function

Excitatory Tissue: Nervous

Neurotrophic Factors

Excitable Tissue: Nerve

Glia

Excitable Tissue: Muscle

Introduction

Skeletal Muscles — Morphology

Skeletal Muscle: Energy Sources and Metabolism

Skeletal Muscles - Muscle Properties in the Intact Organism

Cardiac Muscle (Myocardium) - Morphology

Excitables Tissues: Muscle

Cardiac Muscle (Myocardium) - Electrical Properties

Excitable Tissue: Muscle

Cardiac Muscle (Myocardium) - Mechanical Properties

Cardiac Muscle (Myocardium) - Metabolism

Cardiac Muscle (Myocardium) - Pacemaker Tissue

Smooth Muscle - Morphology

Smooth Muscle - Visceral Smooth Muscle

Smooth Muscle - Multiunit Smooth Muscle

Synaptic and Junctional Transmission

Introduction

Synaptic Transmission - Functional Anatomy

Synaptic Transmission - Electrical Events in Postsynaptic Neurons

Synaptic Transmission – Chemical Nature of Synaptic Activity

Synaptic Transmission - Major Neurotransmitter Systems

Synaptic Transmission - Synaptic Plasticity and Learning

Neuromuscular Transmission - The Neuromuscular Junction

Neuromuscular Transmission — Nerve Terminals in Smooth and Cardiac Muscle

Neuromuscular Transmission - Denervation Supersensitivity

Initiation of Impulses in Sense Organs

Introduction

Sensory Organs and Receptors

Senses

Electrical and Chemical Phenomena in Receptors

Ionic Basis of Excitation

Coding of Sensory Information

References for Part II: Physiology of Nerve and Muscle Cells

Functions of the Nervous System

Reflexes

Introduction

Monosynaptic reflexes: the stretch reflex

Polysynaptic reflexes: the withdrawal reflex

Main Properties of Reflexes

Cutaneous, Deep, and Visceral Sensation

Introduction

Neural Pathways

Touch

Cutaneous, Deep, and Visceral Sensibility

Proprioception

Cutaneous, Deep, and Visceral Sensation

Temperature Sensation

Pain Sensation

Other Sensations

Vision

Introduction

Anatomical Characteristics

Mechanism of Image Formation

Mechanism of Photoreception

Responses of the Visual Pathways and Cortex

Color Vision

Other Aspects of Visual Function

Eye Movements

Hearing and Equilibrium

Introduction

Anatomical Characteristics

Hair cells

Hearing

Hearing and Balance

Vestibular Function

Olfaction and Taste

Introduction

Olfaction

Taste - Receptor Organs and Pathways

Anxiety, Sleep, and Electrical Activity of the Brain

Introduction

Anxiety States, Sleep, and Electrical Activity of the Brain

Thalamus and Cerebral Cortex

Anxiety, Sleep, and Electrical Activity of the Brain

Reticular Formation and Reticular Activating System

Bioelectric Potentials of the Cerebral Cortex

Electroencephalogram

Anxiety States, Sleep, and Electrical Activity of the Brain

Physiological Basis of the EEG, Consciousness, and Sleep

Regulation of Posture and Movement

Introduction

General Principles

Corticospinal and Corticobulbar System - Structure and Function

The Posture Regulation System

Posture Control System - Spinal Integration

Posture Control System - The Role of the Medulla Oblongata

The Postural Control System — The Role of the Midbrain

System for Posture Regulation - Role of the Cortex

Basal Ganglia

Cerebellum

Autonomic Nervous System

Introduction

Structural Organization of Autonomic Efferent Pathways

Chemical Transmission of Excitation in Synapses of the Autonomic Nervous System

Responses of Effector Organs to Impulses Arriving via Autonomic Nerves

Central Regulation of Visceral Functions

Introduction

Medulla Oblongata

Hypothalamus — Anatomical Details

Hypothalamus - Functions of the Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus - Relation to the Regulation of Visceral Functions

Hypothalamus - Relation to Sleep

Hypothalamus - Relation to Cyclic Processes

Hypothalamus - Hunger

Hypothalamus - Thirst

Hypothalamus - Regulation of Posterior Pituitary Secretion

Hypothalamus - Regulation of Anterior Pituitary Secretion

Hypothalamus - Thermoregulation

Neural Bases of Instinctive Behavior and Emotions

Introduction

Neural Bases of Instinctive Behavior and Emotion

Anatomical Specification

Neural Basis of Instinctive Behavior and Emotions

Functions of the Limbic System

Sexual Behavior

Neural Bases of Instinctive Behavior and Emotions

Fear and Rage

Motivation and Addiction

Neural Basis of Instinctive Behavior and Emotions

Neurochemistry and Behavior

Higher functions of the nervous system: conditioned reflexes, learning, and related phenomena

Introduction

Higher nervous functions: conditioned reflexes, learning, and related phenomena

Methods

Higher functions of the nervous system: conditioned reflexes, learning, and related phenomena

Learning and Memory

Functions of the Neocortex

References for Part III: Functions of the Nervous System

Endocrine System, Metabolism, and Reproduction

Energy Balance, Metabolism, and Nutrition

Introduction

Energy Metabolism

Intermediary Metabolism

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Protein Metabolism

Lipid Metabolism

Nutrition

The Thyroid Gland

Introduction

The Endocrine System, Metabolism, and Reproduction

Anatomical Structure

Endocrine System, Metabolism, and Reproduction

Thyroid Gland

Synthesis and Secretion of Thyroid Hormones

Transport and Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones

Action of Thyroid Hormones

Regulation of Thyroid Secretion

Clinical Correlations

Endocrine Functions of the Pancreas and Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Introduction

Endocrine System, Metabolism, and Reproductive Function

Structure of Islet Cells

Endocrine System, Metabolism, and Reproduction

Structure, Biosynthesis, and Secretion of Insulin

Fraction of Secreted Insulin

Action of Insulin

Mechanism of Action

Consequences of Insulin Deficiency

Insulin Excess

The Endocrine System, Metabolism, and Reproduction

Regulation of Insulin Secretion

Endocrine System, Metabolism, and Reproduction

Glucagon

Endocrine Functions of the Pancreas and the Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Other Islet Hormones

Endocrine Functions of the Pancreas and Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Effects of Other Hormones and Physical Activity on Carbohydrate Metabolism

The Endocrine System, Metabolism, and Reproduction

Endocrine Functions of the Pancreas and the Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Hypoglycemia and Diabetes Mellitus in Humans

Endocrine System, Metabolism, and Reproduction

Adrenal Medulla and Adrenal Cortex

Introduction

Morphology of the Adrenal Glands

Adrenal Medulla - Structure and Function of Adrenal Medullary Hormones

Adrenal Medulla - Regulation of Adrenal Medullary Secretion

Adrenal Cortex - Structure and Biosynthesis of Adrenocortical Hormones

Adrenal Cortex - Transport, Metabolism, and Excretion of Adrenocortical Hormones

Endocrine System, Metabolism, and Reproductive Function

Adrenal Medulla and Cortex

Adrenal Cortex - Effects of Adrenal Androgens and Estrogens

Adrenal Cortex - Physiological Effects of Glucocorticoids

Adrenal Cortex - Pharmacological and Pathological Effects of Glucocorticoids

Adrenal Cortex - Regulation of Glucocorticoid Secretion

Adrenal Cortex - Effects of Mineralocorticoids

Adrenal Cortex - Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion

Endocrine System, Metabolism, and Reproduction

Adrenal Medulla and Adrenal Cortex

Adrenal Cortex - The Role of Mineralocorticoids in Salt Balance Regulation

Adrenal Cortex - Summary of Effects of Adrenocortical Hyper- and Hypofunction in Humans

Hormonal Regulation of Calcium Metabolism and Bone Physiology

Introduction

Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism

Bone Physiology

Vitamin D and Hydroxycholecalciferols

Parathyroid Glands

Calcitonin

Effects of Other Hormones and Humoral Agents on Calcium Metabolism

Pituitary Gland

Introduction

Morphology

Histology

Hormones of the Intermediate Lobe

Growth Hormone

Physiology of Growth

Hypopituitarism

Endocrine System, Metabolism, and Reproductive Function

Hyperfunction of the Human Pituitary Gland

Endocrine System, Metabolism, and Reproduction

The Gonads: Development and Function of the Reproductive System

Introduction

Gonads: Development and Function of the Reproductive System

Sex Differentiation and Development - Chromosomal Sex

Sex Differentiation and Development

Sex Differentiation and Development - Embryology of the Human Reproductive System

Sex Differentiation and Development - Aberrant Sexual Differentiation

Sexual Differentiation and Development

Sexual Differentiation and Development - Puberty

Sex Differentiation and Development

Sex Differentiation and Development - Precocious and Delayed Puberty

Endocrine System, Metabolism, and Reproductive Function

Sexual Differentiation and Development

Pituitary Gonadotropins and Prolactin

Male Reproductive System - Structure

Endocrine System, Metabolism, and Reproduction

Male Reproductive System - Spermatogenesis and Ejaculation

Sex Differentiation and Development

Male Reproductive System - Testicular Endocrine Function

Endocrine System, Metabolism, and Reproductive Function

Sexual Differentiation and Development

Male Reproductive System - Regulation of Testicular Function

Endocrine System, Metabolism, and Reproduction

Male Reproductive System - Testicular Disorders

Sex Differentiation and Development

Female Reproductive System - The Menstrual Cycle

Sexual Differentiation and Development

Female Reproductive System - Ovarian Hormones

Sex Differentiation and Development

Female Reproductive System - Regulation of Ovarian Function

Female Reproductive System - Disorders of Ovarian Function

Endocrine System, Metabolism, and Reproductive Function

Sexual Differentiation and Development

Pregnancy

Endocrine System, Metabolism, and Reproduction

Sex Differentiation and Development

Lactation

The Endocrine System, Metabolism, and Reproduction

Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys, Heart, and Pineal Gland

Introduction

Endocrine System, Metabolism, and Reproduction

Endocrine Function of the Kidneys, Heart, and Pineal Gland

Renin-Angiotensin System

Erythropoietin

Cardiac Hormones and Other Natriuretic Factors

Pineal Gland

The Endocrine System, Metabolism, and Reproduction

References for Part IV: The Endocrine System, Metabolism, and Reproduction

Functions of the Digestive System

Digestion and Absorption

Introduction

Carbohydrates

Proteins and Amino Acids

Lipids

Water and Electrolyte Absorption

Absorption of Vitamins and Minerals

Mechanisms of Gastrointestinal Regulation

Introduction

Regulatory Mechanisms of Gastrointestinal Functions

General Principles

Mechanisms of Gastrointestinal Regulation

Gastrointestinal Hormones

Mechanisms of Regulation of Gastrointestinal Functions

Oral Cavity and Esophagus

The Stomach

Regulation Mechanisms of Gastrointestinal Functions

Exocrine Pancreas

Mechanisms of Gastrointestinal Regulation

The Liver and the Biliary System

Mechanisms of Regulation of Gastrointestinal Functions

Small Intestine

Regulation Mechanisms of Gastrointestinal Functions

Large Intestine

References for Part V: Functions of the Digestive System

Circulation

Body Fluids

Introduction

Blood

Blood Circulation

Body Circulating Fluids

Blood - Bone Marrow

Circulation

Body Fluids

Blood - Leukocytes

Blood and Immunity

Blood Circulation

Blood - Platelets

Circulation

Blood - Red Blood Cells

Blood - Blood Groups

Blood Circulation

Body Circulating Fluids

Blood - Plasma

Circulation

Blood - Hemostasis

Blood Circulation

Body Fluids

Lymph

Cardiovascular System

The Nature of the Heartbeat and Electrical Activity of the Heart

Introduction

Blood Circulation

Nature of the Heartbeat and the Electrical Activity of the Heart

Origin and Spread of Electrical Impulses in the Heart

The Nature of Cardiac Contraction and Electrical Activity of the Heart

Electrocardiogram

Cardiovascular System

The Nature of the Heartbeat and Electrical Activity of the Heart

Cardiac Arrhythmias

Blood Circulation

Nature of the Heartbeat and Electrical Activity of the Heart

ECG Changes in Other Cardiac and Systemic Diseases

Circulation

Pumping Function of the Heart

Introduction

Mechanical Events of the Cardiac Cycle

Blood Circulation

Cardiac Output

Hemodynamics and Lymph Dynamics

Introduction

Anatomical Features

Hemodynamics and Lymph Circulation

Biophysical Aspects

Dynamics of Blood and Lymph Circulation

Blood Flow in Arteries and Arterioles

Blood Circulation in Capillaries

Lymph Circulation and Interstitial Fluid Volume

Hemodynamics and Lymph Dynamics

Venous Circulation

Regulation of the Cardiovascular System

Introduction

Circulation

Local Regulatory Mechanisms

Endothelium-Derived Factors

Systemic Regulation via Hormones

Blood Circulation

Mechanism of Systemic Nervous Regulation

Circulation

Regional Circulation

Introduction

Blood Circulation

Regional Blood Flow

Cerebral Circulation — Anatomical Features

Circulation

Cerebral Circulation - Cerebrospinal Fluid

Regional Circulation

Cerebral Circulation - The Blood-Brain Barrier

Cerebral Circulation — Cerebral Blood Flow

Regional Blood Flow

Cerebral Circulation - Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow

Blood Circulation

Regional Blood Circulation

Cerebral Circulation - Brain Metabolism and Oxygen Requirements

Regional Blood Flow

Coronary Circulation

Regional Blood Circulation

Circulation in Internal Organs

Cardiovascular System

Regional Circulation

Cutaneous Circulation

Circulation

Regional Blood Flow

Placental and Fetal Circulation

Blood Circulation

Cardiovascular Homeostasis in Health and Disease

Introduction

Circulation

Adaptation to Gravitational Stress

Blood Circulation

Physical Exercise

Inflammation and Wound Healing

Circulation

Shock

Blood Circulation

Hypertension

Heart Failure

Circulation

References to Part VI: Circulation

Respiration

Pulmonary Functions

Introduction

Properties of Gases

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Mechanics of Breathing

Gas Exchange in the Lungs

Pulmonary Circulation

Other Functions of the Respiratory System

Gas transport between the lungs and tissues

Introduction

Oxygen transport

Carbon dioxide transport

Regulation of Respiration

Introduction

Neural Control of Respiration

Regulation of Respiratory Activity

Chemical Regulation of Respiration

Nonchemical Influences on Respiration

Adaptive respiratory changes in health and disease

Introduction

Adaptive changes in respiration in health and disease

Effect of exercise

Adaptive respiratory changes in health and disease

Hypoxia

Hypoxic hypoxia

Adaptive changes in respiration in health and disease

Other forms of hypoxia

Adaptive respiratory changes in health and disease

Oxygen therapy

Adaptive changes in respiration in health and disease

Hypercapnia and hypocapnia

Adaptive respiratory changes in health and disease

Other respiratory anomalies

Effects of increased barometric pressure

Adaptive changes in respiration in health and disease

Artificial ventilation

References for Part VII: Respiration

Formation and Excretion of Urine

Renal Function and Micturition

Introduction

Urine Formation and Excretion

Functional Anatomy

Renal Circulation

Formation and Excretion of Urine

Glomerular Filtration

Urine Formation and Excretion

Tubular Function

Formation and Excretion of Urine

Renal Function and Urination

Excretion of Water

Urine Formation and Excretion

Renal Function and Micturition

Urinary Acidification and Bicarbonate Excretion

Formation and Excretion of Urine

Regulation of Na+ and Cl- Excretion

Urine Formation and Excretion

Regulation of K+ Excretion

Renal Function and Urination

Diuretics

Renal Dysfunction

Formation and Excretion of Urine

Renal Function and Micturition

Filling of the Urinary Bladder

Micturition

Regulation of the Composition and Volume of Extracellular Fluid

Introduction

Regulation of Composition and Volume of Extracellular Fluid

Regulation of Osmotic Pressure

Urine Formation and Excretion

Regulation of the Composition and Volume of Extracellular Fluid

Volume Regulation

Formation and Excretion of Urine

Regulation of Composition and Volume of Extracellular Fluid

Regulation of Specific Ionic Composition

Regulation of H+ Concentration

References for Part VIII: Formation and Excretion of Urine

Appendix

List of Abbreviations

Answers to Test Questions

Self-Assessment of Skills

Subject-specific tasks and questions, testing of acquired knowledge