Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, Volume 1 - Murray R. 1993

Preface

Biochemistry & Medicine

Introduction

Biochemistry and Medicine

Biochemistry and Health

Biochemistry, Nutrition, Prevention, and Treatment

Biochemistry and Disease

Formal Definition of Biochemistry

The Scope of Biochemistry

Biochemistry & Medicine

Research Areas

Biochemistry and Medicine

Biochemistry and Other Biological Sciences

Biomolecules and Biochemical Methods

Introduction

Elemental Composition of the Human Body

Major Classes of Natural Molecules

Chemical Composition of the Human Body

The Cell

General experimental approaches used in biochemistry

Major Achievements in Biochemistry

How Little We Know

Structure and Functions of Proteins and Enzymes

Amino Acids

Introduction

Biomedical Significance

Amino Acids

Ionic Forms of Amino Acids

Structure of Amino Acids

Solubility of Amino Acids

General Chemical Reactions

Properties of Individual Amino Acids

Structure and Function of Proteins and Enzymes

Methods for Amino Acid Separation

Structure and Functions of Proteins and Enzymes

Peptides

Introduction

Biomedical Significance

Peptide Structure

Structure and Function of Proteins and Enzymes

Ionic Forms of Peptides

Structure and Functions of Proteins and Enzymes

Peptide Conformation in Solution

Structure and Function of Proteins and Enzymes

Methods for Peptide Separation

Structure and Functions of Proteins and Enzymes

Determination of the Amino Acid Composition of Peptides

Structure and Function of Proteins and Enzymes

Determination of the Primary Structure of Polypeptides

Structure and Functions of Proteins and Enzymes

Automated Edman degradation for determining the amino acid sequence of polypeptides

Automated Peptide Synthesis

Proteins: Structure and Properties

Introduction

Biomedical Significance

Protein Classification

Bonds Responsible for Protein Structure Formation

Ordered Conformations of Polypeptides

Levels of Protein Structural Organization

Denaturation

Methods for Determining Primary Structure

Determination of Secondary and Tertiary Structure by X-ray Crystallography

Determination of Quaternary Structure

Structure and Function of Proteins and Enzymes

Proteins: Myoglobin and Hemoglobin

Introduction

Biomedical Significance

Structure and Functions of Proteins and Enzymes

Hemoproteins: Myoglobin and Hemoglobin

Structure and Function of Proteins and Enzymes

Myoglobin

Hemoglobins

Structure and Functions of Proteins and Enzymes

Enzymes: General Properties

Introduction

Biomedical Significance

Enzyme Classification and Nomenclature

Coenzymes

Structure and Function of Proteins and Enzymes

"Three-Point Attachment" of Substrates to Enzymes

Enzyme Specificity

Structure and Functions of Proteins and Enzymes

Quantitative Assay of Enzymatic Activity

Enzyme Purification

Intracellular Distribution of Enzymes

Isoenzymes (Isozymes)

Structure and Function of Proteins and Enzymes

Enzymes in Clinical Diagnosis

Structure and Functions of Proteins and Enzymes

Diagnostic and Prognostic Significance of Specific Enzymes

Application of Restriction Endonucleases in Diagnostics

Enzymes: Kinetics

Introduction

Biomedical Significance

Formation and Decay of Transition States

Free Energy Changes Associated with Transition State Formation and Decay

The Role of Catalysts in the Formation of Productive Transition States

Collision Theory

The Role of Enzymes in Covalent Bond Cleavage and Formation

Active Site

Structure and Function of Proteins and Enzymes

Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

Temperature

Reactant Concentration

Structure and Functions of Proteins and Enzymes

Equilibrium Constant

Structure and Function of Proteins and Enzymes

Enzyme Concentration

Substrate Concentration

Structure and Functions of Proteins and Enzymes

Michaelis–Menten Equation

Limitations of the Michaelis-Menten Equation

Structure and Function of Proteins and Enzymes

Enzyme Inhibition

Structure and Functions of Proteins and Enzymes

Modulators of Enzymatic Activity

Enzymes: Mechanism of Action

Introduction

Biomedical Significance

Mechanism of Chymotrypsin Catalytic Action

The Role of Limited Proteolysis in the Formation of Enzyme Active Sites

Ordered and Random Substrate Binding

Enzymes as General Acid and General Base Catalysts

Structure and Function of Proteins and Enzymes

Metal Ions

Structure and Functions of Proteins and Enzymes

Enzymes: Regulation of Activity

Introduction

Biomedical Significance

Regulation of Metabolism

Regulation of Enzyme Abundance via Control of Synthesis and Degradation Rates

Regulation of Catalytic Activity of Enzymes

Structure and Function of Proteins and Enzymes

Allosteric Regulation

Structure and Functions of Proteins and Enzymes

Covalent Modification of Enzymes

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Bioenergetics

Introduction

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate & Lipid Metabolism

Biomedical Significance

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

Free Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics

Coupling of Endergonic Processes with Exergonic Processes

The role of high-energy phosphates in bioenergetics and energy capture processes

Pyrophosphate Metabolism

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Biological Oxidation

Introduction

Biomedical Significance

Redox Equilibrium, Redox Potential

Enzymes and Coenzymes Involved in Oxidation-Reduction Processes

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

Oxidative Phosphorylation and Mitochondrial Transport Systems

Introduction

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Biomedical Significance

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

Respiratory Chain

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Organization of the Respiratory Chain in Mitochondria

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

The Role of the Respiratory Chain in Energy Capture

Respiratory Control

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Inhibitors of the Respiratory Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Mechanism of Oxidative Phosphorylation

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

Mitochondrial Transport Systems

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Physiologically Important Carbohydrates

Introduction

Biomedical Significance

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

Classification of Carbohydrates

Bioenergetics, Carbohydrate, and Lipid Metabolism

Monosaccharides

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

Disaccharides

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates of Cell Membranes

Physiologically Important Lipids

Introduction

Classification of Lipids

Fatty Acids

Triacylglycerols (Triglycerides)

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

Phospholipids

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Glycolipids (Glycosphingolipids)

Bioenergetics, Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Steroids

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Lipid Peroxidation

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

Methods for the Separation and Identification of Lipids Present in Biological Material

Amphipathic Lipids

Bioenergetics, Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Intermediary Metabolism

Introduction

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Biomedical Significance

Major Metabolic Pathways

Localization of Metabolic Pathways

Bioenergetics, Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

The Citric Acid Cycle: Catabolism of Acetyl-CoA

Introduction

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

Biomedical Significance

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Catabolic Role of the Citric Acid Cycle

Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle (Fig. 17.3)

Energetics of the Citric Acid Cycle

The Role of Vitamins in the Citric Acid Cycle

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

Amphibolic Role of the Citric Acid Cycle

Bioenergetics, Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Glycolysis and the Oxidation of Pyruvate

Introduction

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Glycolysis and Pyruvate Oxidation

Biomedical Significance

The Glycolytic Pathway

Sequential Stages of Glycolysis

Glycolysis and the Oxidation of Pyruvate

Oxidation of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA

Glycogen Metabolism

Introduction

Biomedical Significance

Glycogenesis

Glycogenolysis

Mechanisms for the Control of Glycogenolysis and Glycogenesis

Glycogen Storage Diseases (Glycogenoses)

Gluconeogenesis and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Gluconeogenesis - Introduction

Gluconeogenesis - Biomedical Significance

Bioenergetics, Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Gluconeogenesis - Metabolic pathways involved in gluconeogenesis (Fig. 20.1)

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

The Pentose Phosphate Pathway or Hexose Monophosphate Shunt - Introduction

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

The Pentose Phosphate Pathway, or Hexose Monophosphate Shunt — Biomedical Significance

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

Pentose Phosphate Pathway or Hexose Monophosphate Shunt - Reaction Sequence

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Pentose Phosphate Pathway or Hexose Monophosphate Shunt - Metabolic Significance of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

Pentose Phosphate Pathway or Hexose Monophosphate Shunt — Clinical Aspects

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Metabolism of the Most Important Hexoses

Introduction

Bioenergetics, Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Biomedical Significance

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Metabolism of the Major Hexoses

Uronic Acid Pathway

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

Metabolism of Major Hexoses

Fructose Metabolism

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Galactose Metabolism

Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Introduction

Biomedical Significance

General Principles of the Regulation of Metabolic Pathways

Metabolic Control of Enzymatic Reactions

Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism at the cellular and enzymatic levels

Regulation of Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism (Fig. 22.5)

Bioenergetics, Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle (see Fig. 18.3)

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

Oxidation and Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids

Introduction

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Biomedical Importance

Bioenergetics, Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Fatty Acid Oxidation

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

Biosynthesis of Saturated Fatty Acids

Metabolism of Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids

Introduction

Biomedical Significance

Metabolism of Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids catalyzed by the ∆9-desaturase system (Fig. 24.2)

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

Synthesis of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (Fig. 24.3)

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs)

Eicosanoids

Prostanoids

Leukotrienes

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

Metabolism of Acylglycerols and Sphingolipids

Introduction

Biomedical Significance

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Metabolism of Acylglycerols

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

Sphingolipid Metabolism

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Glycolipids

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

Phospholipids and Sphingolipids in Certain Pathologies (Lipidoses)

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Lipid Transport and Storage

Introduction

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

Transport and Storage of Lipids

Biomedical Significance

Plasma Lipids and Lipoproteins

Plasma Lipoprotein Metabolism - Free Fatty Acids (FFA)

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Plasma Lipoprotein Metabolism - Formation of Chylomicrons and Very Low-Density Lipoproteins (VLDL)

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

Metabolism of Plasma Lipoproteins — Catabolism of Chylomicrons and Very Low-Density Lipoproteins

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Lipid Transport and Storage

Plasma Lipoprotein Metabolism - LDL Metabolism

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

Transport and Storage of Lipids

Plasma Lipoprotein Metabolism - HDL Metabolism (Fig. 26.6)

Metabolism of Plasma Lipoproteins - The Role of the Liver in Lipid Transport and Metabolism

Lipid Transport and Storage

Metabolism of Plasma Lipoproteins — Synthesis of Triacylglycerols and Formation of VLDL (Fig. 26.7)

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Metabolic Transformations in Adipose Tissue and Fat Mobilization — Metabolic Pathways (Fig. 26.8)

Transport and Storage of Lipids

Metabolic Transformations in Adipose Tissue and Fat Mobilization - The Role of Hormones in Fat Mobilization

Lipid Transport and Storage

Metabolic Pathways in Adipose Tissue and Fat Mobilization: Comparative Aspects

Metabolic Transformations in Adipose Tissue and Fat Mobilization - The Role of Brown Adipose Tissue in Thermogenesis

Synthesis, Transport, and Excretion of Cholesterol

Introduction

Biomedical Significance

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

Cholesterol Biosynthesis — The Biosynthetic Pathway

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Biosynthesis of Cholesterol - Regulation of Cholesterol Synthesis

Cholesterol Transport — Tissue Cholesterol Balance

Bioenergetics, Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Cholesterol Transport - Transport of Cholesterol Between Tissues (Fig. 27.6)

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

Cholesterol Elimination and Bile Acid Salt Formation

Elimination of Cholesterol and Formation of Bile Salts - Biosynthesis of Bile Acids

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Cholesterol Elimination and Bile Acid Synthesis — Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Acids

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

Cholesterol Elimination and Bile Acid Salt Formation - Clinical Aspects

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Regulation of Lipid Metabolism and Tissue Energy Sources

Introduction

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

Biomedical Significance

Regulation of Lipid Metabolism and Energy Sources in Tissues

Regulation of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis (Lipogenesis) - Physiological Factors Regulating Lipogenesis

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Regulation of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis (Lipogenesis) - Molecular Factors Regulating Lipogenesis

Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

Regulation of Lipid Metabolism and Sources of Energy in Tissues

Regulation of Fatty Acid Oxidation - Ketogenesis

Regulation of Lipid Metabolism and Energy Sources in Tissues

Regulation of Fatty Acid Oxidation – Interconversion of Major Nutrients (Fig. 28.9)

Economics of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism in the Organism

Regulation of Lipid Metabolism and Tissue Energy Sources

The Economics of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism in the Body – Fasting

Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids

Biosynthesis of Amino Acids

Introduction

Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism

Amino Acid Biosynthesis

Biomedical Significance

Protein and amino acid metabolism

Biosynthesis of amino acids

Biosynthesis of nonessential amino acids

Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids

Biosynthesis of Amino Acids

Biosynthesis of Essential Amino Acids

Catabolism of Amino Acid Nitrogen

Introduction

Biomedical Significance

Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism

Transamination

Oxidative Deamination

Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids

Ammonia Production

Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism

Ammonia Transport

Amino Acid Turnover in the Postabsorptive State

Interorgan Amino Acid Metabolism Following a Meal

Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids

Biosynthesis of Urea

Regulation of Urea Synthesis

Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism

Metabolic Disorders of the Urea Cycle

Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids

Catabolism of the Carbon Skeletons of Amino Acids

Introduction

Catabolism of the Carbon Skeleton of Amino Acids

Biomedical Significance

Catabolism of the Carbon Skeletons of Amino Acids

Conversion of the Carbon Skeletons of Common L-a-Amino Acids into Amphibolic Intermediates

Catabolism of the Carbon Skeleton of Amino Acids

Amino Acids Forming Oxaloacetate

Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism

Catabolism of Amino Acid Carbon Skeletons

Amino Acids Forming α-Ketoglutarate

Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids

Catabolism of the Carbon Skeleton of Amino Acids

Pyruvate-Forming Amino Acids

Catabolism of the Carbon Skeletons of Amino Acids

Amino Acids Forming Acetyl-Coenzyme A

Amino Acids Forming Succinyl-CoA

Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism

Conversion of Amino Acids to Specialized Products

Introduction

Conversion of Amino Acids into Specialized Products

Biomedical Significance

Glycine

Metabolism of proteins and amino acids

Conversion of amino acids into specialized products

α-Alanine

Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids

Conversion of Amino Acids into Specialized Products

β-Alanine

Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism

β-Alanine Dipeptides

Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids

Conversion of Amino Acids to Specialized Products

Serine

Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism

Threonine

Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids

Conversion of Amino Acids into Specialized Products

Methionine

Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism

Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids

Melanins

Tyrosine

Conversion of Amino Acids to Specialized Products

Creatine and Creatinine

Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism

Porphyrins and Bile Pigments

Introduction

Biomedical Significance

Porphyrins

Porphyrias

Catabolism of Heme: Formation of Bile Pigments

Intestinal Metabolism of Bilirubin

Hyperbilirubinemia

List of Abbreviations