Human Biochemistry, Volume 1 - Murray R. 1993

Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism
Regulation of Lipid Metabolism and Energy Sources in Tissues
Regulation of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis (Lipogenesis) - Molecular Factors Regulating Lipogenesis

Rapid regulation of long-chain fatty acid synthesis is achieved through allosteric and Covalent Modification of Enzymes, whereas slow regulation occurs via Changes in the rates of enzyme Synthesis and degradation.

Regulation of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

It is now established that the reaction catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase is the rate-limiting step in Lipogenesis (see Fig. 23.5). Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is activated by citrate and inhibited by long-chain acyl-CoA molecules, representing a classic example of end-product feedback inhibition in a metabolic pathway. Thus, if acyl-CoA accumulates without being esterified with the appropriate substrates, it automatically downregulates the synthesis of new fatty acid molecules. Similarly, the accumulation of acyl-CoA resulting from enhanced lipolysis or increased influx of free Fatty acids into Tissues leads to the inhibition of de novo fatty acid synthesis. Acyl-CoA can also inhibit the mitochondrial tricarboxylate transport system, thereby preventing the efflux of citrate from Cell/35.html">Mitochondria into the Cytosol.

Regulation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

There is also a feedback mechanism between the concentration of free Fatty Acids and The ratio of the active to inactive forms of pyruvate dehydrogenase, which regulates The production of acetyl-CoA required for lipogenesis. Acyl-CoA inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase activity by suppressing the ATP-ADP translocator of The inner mitochondrial membrane. Consequently, the [ATP]/[ADP] ratio increases within the mitochondria, leading to The conversion of the active form of pyruvate dehydrogenase into the inactive form (Fig. 22.3). Fatty acid oxidation, driven by elevated fatty acid levels, increases the [acetyl-CoA]/[CoA] and [NADH]/[NAD+] ratios in the mitochondria, thereby inhibiting pyruvate dehydrogenase.

Hormonal Regulation

Существует несколько механизмов стимуляции липогенеза инсулином. Этот гормон ускоряет перенос глюкозы в Клетки (например, в клетки жировой Ткани) и тем самым способствует увеличению образования как пирувата, необходимого для синтеза жирных кислот, как и глицерол-3-фосфата, необходимого для эстерификации последних. Инсулин способствует переходу пируватдегидрогеназы из неактивной формы в активную в жировой ткани (но не в печени). Кроме того, инсулин способствует активации ацетил-СоА-карбоксилазы, вероятно, в результате активирования протеинфосфатазы. К тому же путем снижения уровня внутриклеточного сАМР инсулин ингибирует липолиз и тем самым снижает концетрацию длинноцепочечных ацил-СоА, которые являются ингибиторами липогенеза. Глюкагон и адреналин вызывают ингибирование ацетил-СоА-карбоксилазы и, следовательно, процесса липогенеза в целом путем увеличения уровня сАМР; в результате сАМР-зависимая протеинкиназа катализирует фосфорилирование ацетил-СоА-карбоксилазы и переводит последнюю в неактивную форму. Кроме того, катехоламины ингибируют ацетил-СоА-карбоксилазу опосредованно при участии а-адренергических рецепторов и Са2+/кальмодулин-зависимой протеинкиназы. У жвачных исходным материалом для липогенеза является не глюкоза, а ацетат. Соответственно у этих животных не функционируют регуляторные механизмы липолиза, локализованные в митохондриях.

Enzyme Adaptation

Both fatty acid synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase are adaptive enzymes; their levels increase during overnutrition and decrease during starvation, high-fat diets, and diabetes. The hormone Insulin plays a crucial role in inducing The Biosynthesis of these enzymes. The regulation of lipogenesis driven by enzyme adaptation is a slow process that becomes fully apparent only after several days, thereby reinforcing the direct and immediate effects of fatty acids and Hormones such as insulin and Glucagon.



Last update: 06/08/2026

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