BIOLOGY Volume 2 - A Guide to General Biology - 2004
11. QUANTITATIVE ECOLOGY
11.1. Methods for Measuring Environmental Factors
11.2. Biota Analysis
11.2.1. Methods for organism census and sampling
11.2.3. Methods for estimating population size
11.3. Ecological Studies
11.4. Synecological Study
11.4.2. Species identification and abundance estimation
11.4.3. Data recording and presentation
11.4.4. Collection of abiotic data
12. MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
12.1. Growth Requirements
12.1.2. Modification of environmental conditions
12.2. Culture Media
12.2.1. Solid and liquid media
12.2.2. Enriched and selective media
12.3. Aseptic techniques
12.4. Inoculation methods
12.4.1. Inoculation onto solid medium
12.4.2. Inoculation into liquid medium
12.5. Bacterial growth
12.5.3. Production of primary and secondary metabolites
12.6. Measurement of bacterial and fungal growth in culture
12.6.3. Non-quantitative methods
12.7. Stained bacteria — Gram staining
12.9. Laboratory work
12.9.1. Bacterial content of milk
12.9.2. Bacteriological experiments
12.9.3. Practical work with fungi
12.10. Large-scale production
12.10.3. Scale-up of production
12.10.4. Fermenter design and operation
12.10.5. Batch, fed-batch, and continuous cultivation
12.10.6. Product recovery and purification
12.11. Medical products
12.11.1. Penicillin production
12.11.2. Monoclonal antibodies
12.11.3. Insulin and human growth hormone
12.12. Food and beverages
12.12.1. Yeast fermentation - bread, beer, and wine
12.12.2. Lactic acid fermentation - dairy products
12.13. Agriculture
12.14. Biomass fuel - a new energy source
12.15. Microbial metal recovery
12.16. Lipids
12.16.2. Why is enzyme isolation necessary?
12.16.3. Production of purified enzymes
12.16.4. Fruit juice processing
12.16.6. Biological washing powders
12.17. Biosensors
12.17.1. Advantages and challenges of biosensor use
12.17.2. Blood glucose monitoring
12.17.4. Applications in other fields
13. TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
13.1. Water relations in plants
13.1.4. Osmotic potential (ψ0)
13.1.5. Hydrostatic potential (ψг)
13.1.6. Movement of water between solutions via osmosis
13.1.7. Osmosis and plant cells
13.1.8. Osmotic movement of water from cell to cell
13.1.9. Effects of heat and alcohols on membranes
13.2. Water movement through flowering plants
13.3. Transpiration and water movement through leaves
13.3.4. Water loss through stomata
13.3.5. Measuring transpiration rate
13.3.6. Effect of environmental factors on transpiration
13.3.7. Effect of plant characteristics (internal factors) on transpiration rate
13.3.8. Physiological role of transpiration
13.3.9. Stomata: structure and mechanism of action
13.4. Water transport in the xylem
13.5. Water uptake by roots
13.5.1. Symplastic and vacuolar pathways
13.6. Uptake of mineral salts and their transport within the root
13.7. Transport of mineral salts throughout the plant
13.8. Phloem translocation of organic solutes
13.8.1. Features of phloem translocation
13.8.2. Structure of sieve tubes
13.8.3. Evidence for solute movement through the phloem
13.8.4. Mechanism of phloem translocation
13.8.5. First-aid mechanisms: a potential function of sieve plates, P-proteins, and plastids
14. TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS
14.1. General features of the circulatory system
14.2. Evolution of the circulatory system in animals
14.3. Blood composition
14.3.3. Platelets (thrombocytes)
14.5. Blood vessels
14.6. Formation of tissue fluid
14.7. Heart
14.7.3. Myogenic stimulation of the heart
14.7.4. Regulation of heart rate
14.7.5. Effect of physical exercise on the cardiovascular system
14.7.7. Regulation of blood pressure
14.7.8. Tachycardia and bradycardia
14.8. Functions of blood in mammals
14.8.3. Carbon monoxide and hemoglobin
14.8.4. Carbon dioxide transport
14.8.5. Protective functions of blood
14.9. Immune system
14.9.1. Antibodies, antigens, B cells, and T cells
14.9.2. T cells and cell-mediated immunity
14.9.3. B cells and humoral immunity
14.9.9. Tissue and organ transplantation
15. HEALTH AND DISEASE
15.1. Defining health and disease
15.2. Epidemiology of diseases
15.3. Infectious diseases
15.3.4. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
15.3.5. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever (Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi)
15.3.6. Salmonellosis and other bacterial food poisoning
15.4. Disinfectants, sterilization and antisepsis
15.4.1. Antiseptics and disinfectants
15.5. Cardiovascular diseases
15.5.2. Causes of atherosclerosis; methods of cardiovascular disease prevention
15.5.3. Treatment of cardiovascular diseases
15.6. Malignant neoplasms
15.6.1. Causes of tumor development
15.7. Aging
15.7.2. Changes in the musculoskeletal system
15.7.3. Changes in the cardiovascular system
15.7.4. Changes in the respiratory system
15.8. Respiratory and genetic disorders
16. PLANT COORDINATION AND REGULATION
16.1. Plant movements
16.2. Plant growth regulators
16.2.1. Auxins and phototropism
16.2.3. Mechanism of auxin action
16.2.4. Other effects of auxins
16.2.5. Practical applications of auxins
16.3. Synergism and antagonism
16.4. Phytochrome and the effect of light on plant development
16.5. Vernalization and flowering
17. COORDINATION AND REGULATION IN ANIMALS
17.1. Nervous system
17.2. Nervous system (CNS and PNS)
17.2.1. Peripheral nervous system
17.2.2. Reflex and reflex arcs
17.2.3. Autonomic nervous system
17.2.4. Central nervous system
17.3. Evolution of the nervous system
17.4. Sensory receptors
17.4.1. Mechanism of transduction
17.4.2. Properties of receptors
17.5. Structure and functions of receptors
17.6. Endocrine system
17.6.1. Mechanism of hormone action
17.6.2. Hypothalamic-pituitary system
17.7. Study of behavior (ethology)
17.8. Innate behavior
17.8.1. Unconditioned reflexes in vertebrates
17.8.4. Innate releasing mechanisms
17.8.8. Aggressive (agonistic) behavior
18. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM OF ANIMALS
18.3. Anatomical structure of the mammalian skeleton (using the rabbit as an example)
18.3.2. Structure and functions of vertebrae in rabbits
18.4. The Muscular System
18.4.1. Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle
18.4.2. Histology of Striated Muscle
18.4.3. Ultrastructure of Striated Muscle
18.4.4. Mechanism of Muscle Contraction; Sliding Filament Theory
18.4.6. Effects of Training on Muscle Performance
18.4.7. Slow-twitch and Fast-twitch Muscle Fibers
18.5. Locomotion in Selected Invertebrates
18.5.1. Locomotion in the Earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris)
18.6. Locomotion in Vertebrates
18.6.2. Forward Propulsion in Fish
18.6.3. Locomotion in Teleost Fish (Using the Herring as an Example)
18.6.4. Locomotion in Quadrupeds (Using the Dog as an Example)
19. HOMEOSTASIS
19.1. Control Systems in Biology
19.2. Blood Glucose Regulation
19.3. Thermoregulation
19.3.1. Effects of Temperature on Plant Growth and Distribution
19.3.2. Plant Adaptations to Low Temperatures
19.3.3. Plant Adaptations to High Temperatures
19.3.4. Effects of Temperature on Animal Growth and Distribution
19.3.5. Heat production: ectothermy and endothermy
19.3.7. Core and shell body temperature
19.5. Endothermic animals
19.5.2. Heat sources (heat production)
19.5.4. Thermal balance and the role of the hypothalamus
19.5.5. Adaptations to extreme climatic conditions
19.5.6. Adaptations to cold climates
19.5.7. Adaptations to high temperatures
19.6. Liver