BIOLOGY Volume 1 - A Guide to General Biology - 2004
2. THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE ON EARTH
2.1. Classification
2.1.5. Artificial and natural classification
2.1.6. Identification of organisms and keys
2.3. Prokaryotes
2.3.5. Bacterial population growth
2.4. Viruses
2.4.3. Bacteriophage life cycle
2.4.4. Viruses as disease-causing agents
2.4.5. Structure and life cycle of a retrovirus: HIV as an example
2.5. Kingdom Fungi
2.5.1. Taxonomy and General Characteristics of Fungi
2.6. Kingdom Protoctista
2.6.1. Taxonomy and Characteristics of Protoctists
2.6.4. Phylum Chlorophyta (Green Algae)
2.6.5. Phylum Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)
2.6.7. Phylum Ciliophora (Ciliates)
2.7. Kingdom Plantae
2.7.1. Phylum Bryophyta (Liverworts and Mosses)
2.7.2. Phylum Filicinophyta (Ferns)
2.7.4. Phylum Coniferophyta (Conifers)
2.7.5. Phylum Angiospermophytae (Angiosperms or Flowering Plants)
2.7.6. Plant Adaptations to Terrestrial Life
2.7.7. Summary of Seed Plant Adaptations to Terrestrial Life
2.8. Kingdom Animalia
2.8.3. Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
2.8.4. Phylum Nematoda (Nematodes or Roundworms)
2.8.5. Phylum Annelida (annelids, or segmented worms)
2.8.6. Phylum Arthropoda (arthropods)
2.8.7. Phylum Mollusca (molluscs)
2.8.8. Phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms)
2.8.9. Phylum Chordata (chordates)
3. CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF LIVING ORGANISMS
3.1. Introduction to Biochemistry
3.1.1. Elements found in living organisms
3.2. Carbohydrates
3.2.4. Polysaccharide-related substances
3.3. Lipids
3.3.3. Properties and functions of triglycerides
3.4. Amino Acids
3.4.1. Structure and classification of amino acids
3.4.2. Amphoteric nature of amino acids
3.4.3. Bonds occurring in protein molecules
3.5. Proteins
3.5.1. Sizes of protein molecules
3.5.2. Classification of proteins
3.5.4. Protein denaturation and renaturation
3.6. DNA and RNA - nucleic acids
3.6.1. Structure of nucleotides
3.6.2. Formation of dinucleotides and polynucleotides
3.7. Determination of biomolecules
4. ENZYMES
4.1. Properties of enzymes
4.1.2. Mechanism of enzyme action
4.3. Factors affecting enzyme reaction rates
4.3.2. Substrate concentration
4.4. Enzyme inhibition
4.4.2. Non-competitive reversible inhibition
4.4.3. Non-competitive irreversible inhibition
4.5. Enzyme cofactors
4.5.1. Inorganic ions (enzyme activators)
4.5.2. Prosthetic groups (e.g., FAD, heme)
4.5.3. Coenzymes (e.g., NAD, NADP, acetyl-CoA, ATP)
5. CELLS
5.1. The cell concept
5.2. Cells under the light microscope
5.3. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
5.4. Cellular compartments and division of labor
5.6. Electron microscopy
5.6.1. The electron microscope
5.6.2. Resolution and magnification
5.6.3. Operating principles and limitations of the electron microscope
5.6.4. Scanning electron microscope
5.8. Ultrastructure of animal and plant cells
5.9. Cell membranes
5.9.1. Membranes are selectively permeable
5.9.2. Membranes contain proteins and lipids
5.9.5. Glycolipids and Cholesterol
5.9.6. Fluid-Mosaic Membrane Model
5.9.8. Transport Across the Plasma Membrane
5.10. Cellular Structures
5.10.3. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
5.11. Using a Hand Lens and Microscope
5.12. Microscopic Techniques
5.12.1. Preparation of Material for Microscopy
6. HISTOLOGY
6.1. Simple plant tissues (tissues composed of cells of a single type)
6.2. Plant tissues composed of several cell types
6.3. Animal epithelial tissue
6.4. Animal connective tissue
6.4.1. Areolar, fibrous connective, and adipose tissues
6.6. Nervous tissue
7. AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION
7.1. Why do living organisms need energy?
7.2. Classification of organisms according to energy and carbon sources
7.3. Significance of photosynthesis
7.4. Leaf structure
7.5. Photosynthetic pigments
7.5.3. Absorption and action spectra
7.5.4. Excitation of chlorophyll by light
7.6. Biochemistry of photosynthesis
7.6.4. Summary of photosynthesis
7.7. Metabolism of phosphoglycerate and triose phosphate
7.8. Factors affecting photosynthesis
7.8.2. Graphs of photosynthetic rate
7.9. C4 photosynthesis
7.9.2. Overall outcome of the C4 pathway
7.9.3. Refixation of carbon dioxide in bundle sheath cells
7.9.4. Chloroplasts of mesophyll and bundle sheath cells
7.9.5. Significance of the C4 pathway
7.10. Mineral nutrition in plants and animals
7.10.2. Specialised methods of obtaining essential elements
7.11. Laboratory work
7.11.1. Measurement of photosynthesis rate
8. HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION
8.1. Types of heterotrophic nutrition
8.1.3. Symbiosis: mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism
8.2. Feeding mechanisms in animals
8.2.4. Biting and chewing mouthparts
8.3. The human alimentary canal
8.3.1. Generalized structure of the human digestive tract
8.3.8. Enzymatic digestion in the small intestine
8.3.9. Absorption in the small intestine
8.4. Nervous and hormonal regulation of digestive gland functions
8.4.3. Pancreatic juice and bile
8.5. Fate of absorbed nutrients
8.6. Herbivores
8.6.2. Cellulose digestion in ruminants
8.7. Human nutrition
8.7.1. Nutrition, nutrients, food and diet
8.8. Recommended nutrient intakes and their standard values
8.8.1. Recommended Daily Allowances (RDAs)
8.8.3. Influence of growth, sex and activity on RDAs
8.9. Malnutrition
8.9.3. Starvation and general malnutrition
8.9.4. Protein deficiency: kwashiorkor and marasmus
9. ENERGY UTILIZATION
9.2. ATP
9.3. Cellular respiration
9.3.3. General overview of cellular respiration
9.3.7. Energy conversion efficiency in aerobic and anaerobic respiration
9.3.8. Oxygen debt and the immediate effects of exercise
9.3.9. Industrial applications of fermentation processes
9.4. Gaseous exchange
9.4.1. Unicellular organisms, such as Amoeba
9.4.2. The need for specialized respiratory structures and pigments
9.4.3. Annelids, such as the earthworm
9.4.4. Insects, such as the locust
9.4.5. Bony fish, such as herring
9.5. Gas exchange in mammals
9.5.1. Structure of the respiratory system
9.5.2. Gas exchange in the alveoli
9.5.4. Mechanism of ventilation (breathing)
9.5.5. Regulation of breathing
9.5.6. Lung volumes and capacities
9.5.7. Measuring respiration using a spirometer
9.5.9. Respiratory quotient (RQ)
9.6. Gas exchange in flowering plants
9.7. Respiratory diseases
9.7.1. Direct effects of smoking on pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange
9.7.6. Effects of aging on the respiratory system
10. ORGANISMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
10.2. Ecosystems
10.2.1. Definitions and basic concepts
10.2.2. General structure of ecosystems
10.2.3. Energy flow and biogeochemical cycles
10.3. Ecosystems and Energy Flow
10.3.1. The Sun as an Energy Source
10.3.2. Energy Transfer: Food Chains and Trophic Levels
10.3.5. Energy Transfer Efficiency: Productivity
10.4. Biogeochemical Cycles: Water and Nutrient Cycles
10.4.3. The Water Cycle (Hydrological Cycle)
10.5. Factors Affecting the Environment and Habitats
10.6. Community Ecology (Synecology)
10.6.1. Primary and Secondary Succession
10.6.2. The Course of Succession
10.6.3. Application of Succession Principles to Land Reclamation
10.7. Population Ecology
10.7.1. Natality and Mortality
10.7.3. Population Growth and Growth Curves
10.7.4. Intraspecific Factors Affecting Population Size
10.7.5. Interspecific Interactions Affecting Population Size
10.8. Human impact on ecosystems
10.8.3. Destruction of terrestrial ecosystems
10.8.4. Pesticides and the environment
10.9. Environmental conservation
10.9.2. Preservation of genetic diversity
10.9.3. Case study in species conservation: the African elephant
10.9.5. Sustainable exploitation of plant and animal resources