Head Anatomy - V.Z. Sikora 2007

Preface

Human anatomy holds a unique position among all theoretical disciplines. Its role in medical education is unquestionable. Without a solid understanding of The Human Body, a physician risks causing harm rather than healing. There are many well-known and evocative sayings that underscore this: "anatomy is the foundation of medicine"; "without anatomy there is neither internal medicine nor surgery, only guesswork and prejudice"; "a physician who is not an anatomist is not only useless, but potentially dangerous"; "a surgeon lacking an anatomical Background cannot live up to their calling"; "the gateway to the surgical clinic lies strictly through the dissecting room." Studying human anatomy is an essential part of the theoretical training without which one cannot become a doctor. A surgeon must have a thorough mastery of the topography of Organs, Blood Vessels, and nerves. Before every surgical Procedure, they review the Anatomy of the target region, since damaging Arteries leads to severe bleeding, while injuring nerves results in paralysis of individual Muscles or entire Muscle groups. Similarly, a general practitioner who does not know normal organ boundaries will be unable to determine, for instance, whether The Heart or Liver is enlarged, or if the Kidneys are ptotic. A pediatrician needs to understand the specific Structural Features of a child's organs across various developmental stages, environmental conditions, and more.

Anatomy is also a general biological discipline. It examines The Structure OF THE human body, its individual parts and organs, their MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC architecture through the lens of major evolutionary milestones, while accounting for the Functions and biological principles inherent to living organisms, particularly higher vertebrates.

Mastering the curriculum in human anatomy lays the groundwork for all subsequent medical studies. Learning The structure of the human body is challenging, yet through persistent and systematic effort, it is entirely achievable—and indispensable for a future physician. Students should bear in mind that the primary prerequisite for mastering this discipline is a genuine drive to learn, to grow as a professional, and to excel in one's craft.

This study guide includes specific objectives for each section and module, topics for Practical Classes, Krok-1 test bank questions, a checklist of practical skills, concise material summaries, and reading lists. For the first time, a combined topographical and systematic approach to human anatomy is employed. This reflects the standard teaching methodology in Western Europe and the Americas, as well as the approach taken in many international atlases and textbooks, which is especially relevant in the context of the Bologna Process.

In preparing this study guide, the teaching experience of the departments of human anatomy at the National O.O. Bogomolets Medical University, Ternopil State Medical University, and the Ukrainian State Medical Stomatological Academy was taken into account. This textbook is designed to encourage students to take a creative approach to the subject and will also serve as a valuable resource for graduate students and instructors who have chosen human anatomy as their professional field.

Class="center">SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

1. Apply the Classification of Bones to analyze the structure of the Skull bones.

2. Describe and demonstrate the structure of the skull bones.

3. Describe and demonstrate the Articulations between the skull bones.

4. Describe and demonstrate the MUSCLES AND FASCIAE of the HEAD.

5. Analyze the embryological Development of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx organs.

6. Analyze Developmental Anomalies and variations of the oral cavity and pharynx organs.

7. Describe and demonstrate the structure of the oral cavity and pharynx organs.

8. Analyze the development, anomalies, and variations of the Nasal cavity.

9. Describe and demonstrate the structure of the nasal cavity.

10. Outline the general Structural and functional principles of the Pituitary and Pineal Glands.

11. Outline the general structural and functional principles of the Central Nervous System (CNS).

12. Analyze the phylogeny and Ontogeny of the CNS.

13. Analyze developmental variations of the Spinal Cord and Brain.

14. Describe and demonstrate the external and Internal Structure of the spinal cord.

15. Analyze the anatomical and developmental Classification of the PARTS OF THE brain.

16. Describe and demonstrate the external Morphology of the parts of the brain.

17. Outline the General structural principles of Sensory Organs.

18. Analyze the phylogeny and ontogeny of sensory organs.

19. Analyze anomalies and developmental variations of sensory organs.

20. Describe and demonstrate the structure of the Eyeball and Accessory structures of the eye.

21. Describe and demonstrate the structure of the External ear, Middle ear, and internal ear.

22. Analyze the classification of Cranial Nerves.

23. Determine the general structural principles of cranial nerves of various origins.

24. Analyze the general structure of the autonomic ganglia of the head.

25. Describe and demonstrate the structure of pairs I through XII of the cranial nerves.

26. Describe and demonstrate the arterial Blood vessels of the head.

27. Describe and demonstrate the Veins OF THE head.

28. Identify the Lymphatic vessels of the head.

29. Analyze the sources of Blood supply and Innervation of the head organs in relation to regional anesthesia and incisions in the cranial vault region.

30. Explain the Clinical presentation of skull base fractures.

31. Describe and demonstrate the Topography of the parotid gland and the Branches of the Facial Nerve with respect to incisions for phlegmons and abscesses of the lateral facial region.

32. Describe the topical Diagnosis of facial nerve lesions.

TOPICS FOR PRACTICAL CLASSES

1 Frontal, parietal, and occipital BONES OF THE skull.	Mod. I
2 Sphenoid and ethmoid bones of the skull.	Mod. I
3 Temporal bone. Canals of the temporal bone.	Mod. I
4 Bones of the facial skull. Orbit. Temporal and infratemporal fossae.	Mod. I
5 External and internal cranial bases. Pterygopalatine fossa. Bony nasal cavity.	Mod. I
6 Articulations of the skull bones.	Mod. I
7 Muscles and Fasciae of the head.	Mod. I
8 Anatomy of the oral cavity and its derivatives: Tongue, palate.	Mod. II
9 Anatomy of the Teeth and Salivary Glands.	Mod. II
10 Anatomy of the pharynx.	Mod. II
11 Anatomy of the External Nose, nasal cavity, and Larynx.	Mod. II
12 Anatomy of the endocrine organs (pituitary and pineal glands).	Mod. II
13 General Overview of the central nervous system. Macroscopic anatomy of the spinal cord.	Mod. III
14 Microscopic anatomy of the spinal cord.	Mod. III
15 Embryogenesis OF THE brain. Anatomy of the Medulla Oblongata.	Mod. III
16 Anatomy of the Pons and Cerebellum.	Mod. III
17 Rhomboid fossa. IV ventricle. Midbrain.	Mod. III
18 Anatomy of the Diencephalon. III ventricle.	Mod. III
19 Rhinencephalon. Basal nuclei. Lateral ventricles. White matter OF the cerebral hemispheres.	Mod. III
20 Relief of the Cerebral Cortex (Pallium).	Mod. III
21 Functional localization in the cerebral cortex.	Mod. III
22 Associative, commissural, and Ascending Projection Pathways of the central nervous system.	Mod. III
23 Descending projection PATHWAYS OF THE central nervous system.	Mod. III
24 Meninges and pathways of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID Circulation. Blood supply to the BRAIN AND SPINAL cord.	Mod. III
25 Anatomy of the eyeball.	Mod. III
26 Anatomy of the accessory structures of the eye. Visual pathway of the visual analyzer.	Mod. III
27 Anatomy of the external and middle ear.	Mod. III
28 Anatomy of the internal ear. Auditory and equilibrium pathways.	Mod. III
29 Cranial nerves I, II, III, IV, VI, and VIII.	Mod. IV
30 Cranial nerve V.	Mod. IV
31 Cranial nerves VII and IX.	Mod. IV
32 Cranial nerves X, XI, and XII.	Mod. IV
33 Aorta. Branches of the aortic arch. Common and internal carotid arteries.	Mod. V
34 External Carotid Artery.	Mod. V
35 Subclavian Artery.	Mod. V
36 Veins of the head.	Mod. V
37 Lymph Nodes AND Vessels of the head. Lymphatic trunks and ducts.	Mod. V
38 Vascularization and innervation of the head organs.	Mod. V
39 Topographic anatomy of the fronto-parieto-occipital region. Surgical anatomy of the internal cranial base, cerebral meninges, and venous sinuses. Clinical anatomy of skull base fractures.	Operative Surgery Mod. I
40 Topographic anatomy of the temporal region. Craniocerebral topography. Topographic anatomy of the mastoid process. Anatomical basis of antrotomy.	Operative Surgery Mod. I
41 Topographic anatomy of the lateral facial region. Surgical anatomy of the parotid gland, facial nerve, and deep facial region. Anatomical basis of nerve block anesthesia for branches of the Trigeminal nerve. Surgical anatomy of the temporopterygoid, interpterygoid, and parapharyngeal fascial spaces.	Operative Surgery Mod. I

GLOSSARY OF Basic Concepts

Frontal bone	Frontal angle
Frontal squama	Occipital angle
Frontal eminence	Sphenoidal angle
Superciliary arch	Mastoid angle
Glabella	Parietal foramen
Groove for superior sagittal sinus	Groove for superior sagittal sinus
Frontal crest	Parietal tuber
Foramen caecum	Superior temporal line
Supraorbital margin	Occipital bone
Supraorbital foramen	Foramen magnum
Zygomatic process	Basilar part
Orbital part	Pharyngeal tubercle
Fossa for lacrimal gland	Clivus
Nasal part	Lateral part
Nasal spine	Occipital condyle
Ethmoidal notch	Condylar canal
Frontal sinus	Condylar fossa
Parietal bone	Jugular notch
Occipital margin	Jugular process
Squamous margin	Hypoglossal canal
Sagittal margin	Occipital squama
Frontal margin	External occipital protuberance
Superior nuchal line	Trigeminal impression
Inferior nuchal line	Hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve
Internal occipital protuberance	Groove for greater petrosal nerve
Cruciform eminence	Hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve
Groove for transverse sinus	Groove for lesser petrosal nerve
Groove for sigmoid sinus	Posterior surface of petrous part
Groove for occipital sinus	Internal acoustic opening
Sphenoid bone	Internal acoustic meatus
Body of sphenoid bone	Subarcuate fossa
Sella turcica	Inferior surface of petrous part
Hypophysial fossa	Jugular fossa
Tuberculum sellae	Styloid process
Dorsum sellae	Stylomastoid foramen
Carotid sulcus	Petrosal fossa
Sphenoidal sinus	External opening of carotid canal
Lesser wing of sphenoid bone	Internal opening of carotid canal
Greater wing of sphenoid bone	Mastoid process (of temporal bone)
Cerebral surface of greater wing	Groove for sigmoid sinus
Temporal surface of greater wing	Mastoid notch
Infratemporal surface of greater wing	Mastoid foramen
Maxillary surface of greater wing	Tympanic part
Orbital surface of greater wing	Squamous part
Superior orbital fissure	Zygomatic process
Optic canal	Articular tubercle
Foramen rotundum	Mandibular fossa
Foramen ovale	External acoustic opening
Foramen spinosum	External acoustic meatus
Pterygoid process	Carotid canal
Lateral plate	Facial canal
Medial plate	Musculotubal canal
Pterygoid canal	Semicanal for pharyngotympanic tube
Pterygoid fossa	Semicanal for tensor tympani muscle
Pterygoid notch	Canaliculus of chorda tympani
Ethmoid bone	Tympanic canaliculus
Cribriform plate	Mastoid canaliculus
Cribriform foramina	Tympanocarotid canaliculi
Perpendicular plate	Maxilla
Ethmoidal labyrinth	Body of maxilla
Orbital plate	Orbital surface
Superior nasal concha	Infraorbital groove of maxilla
Middle nasal concha	Infraorbital canal of maxilla
Temporal bone (right or left)	Infraorbital margin of body of maxilla
Petrous part of temporal bone	Anterior surface of body of maxilla
Superior border of petrous part	Infraorbital foramen of maxilla
Groove for superior petrosal sinus	Frontal process
Posterior border of petrous part	Zygomatic process
Groove for inferior petrosal sinus	Zygomatico-orbital foramen
Anterior border of petrous part	Zygomaticofacial foramen
Groove for inferior petrosal sinus	Zygomaticotemporal foramen
Anterior surface of petrous part	Hyoid bone
Tegmen tympani	Body of hyoid bone
Nasal notch	Lesser cornu
Infratemporal surface of body of maxilla	Greater cornu
Maxillary tuber	Cranial vault
Alveolar foramina	Temporal fossa
Nasal surface of body of maxilla	Walls of temporal fossa
Lacrimal groove	Zygomatic arch
Maxillary hiatus	Infratemporal fossa
Frontal process of maxilla	Walls of infratemporal fossa
Zygomatic process of maxilla	Orbit
Palatine process of maxilla	Base of orbit
Alveolar process	Supraorbital margin (skull)
Dental alveoli	Infraorbital margin (skull)
Mandible	Walls of orbit
Body of mandible	Anterior ethmoidal foramen
Alveolar part	Posterior ethmoidal foramen
Alveolar arch of mandible	Inferior orbital fissure
Dental alveoli	Pterygopalatine fossa
Base of mandible	Walls of pterygopalatine fossa
Mental protuberance	Anterior cranial fossa
Mental tubercle	Middle cranial fossa
Mental foramen	Posterior cranial fossa
Digastric fossa of mandible	Groove for superior sagittal sinus (skull)
Mylohyoid line of mandible	Groove for transverse sinus (skull)
Sublingual fossa	Groove for sigmoid sinus (skull)
Submandibular fossa	External base of skull
Ramus of mandible	Foramen lacerum (skull)
Angle of mandible	Jugular foramen (skull)
Masseteric tuberosity	Carotid canal of temporal bone (skull)
Pterygoid tuberosity	Musculotubal canal (skull)
Mandibular notch	Bony palate
Condylar process of mandible	Greater palatine canal
Head of mandible	Lesser palatine foramina
Neck of mandible	Incisive canal
Pterygoid fossa of mandible	Walls of bony nasal cavity
Coronoid process of mandible	Choanae
Mandibular foramen	Superior nasal meatus
Mandibular canal	Middle nasal meatus
Inferior nasal concha	Inferior nasal meatus
Lacrimal bone	Common nasal meatus
Nasal bone	Coronal suture of skull
Vomer	Sagittal suture of skull
Palatine bone	Lambdoid suture of skull
Perpendicular plate	Fontanelles of skull
Sphenopalatine notch	Synchondroses of skull
Pyramidal process	Premolars
Horizontal plate	Molars
Zygomatic bone	Sublingual gland
Lateral surface	Submandibular gland
Temporal surface	Parotid gland
Orbital surface	Parotid duct
Temporomandibular joint	Pharynx
Atlanto-occipital joint	Nasopharynx
Epicranius muscle	Roof of pharynx
Frontal belly	Pharyngeal tonsil
Occipital belly	Pharyngeal opening of pharyngotympanic tube
Epicranial aponeurosis	Torus tubarius
Orbicularis oculi muscle	Oropharynx
Zygomaticus major muscle	Laryngopharynx
Levator labii superioris muscle	Pharyngeal cavity
Levator anguli oris muscle	Mucous membrane of pharynx
Buccinator muscle	Muscles of pharynx
Depressor anguli oris muscle	ROOT of nose
Depressor labii inferioris muscle	Dorsum of nose
Orbicularis oris muscle	Tip of nose
Temporalis muscle	Wing of nose (ala)
Masseter muscle	Nostrils (nares)
Lateral pterygoid muscle	Choanae
Medial pterygoid muscle	Nasal septum
Oral cavity	Superior nasal concha
Vestibule of Mouth	Middle nasal concha
Upper lip	Inferior nasal concha
Lower lip	Nasal vestibule
Angle of mouth	Superior nasal meatus
Cheek	Middle nasal meatus
Oral cavity proper	Inferior nasal meatus
Palate	Common nasal meatus
Hard palate	Paranasal Sinuses
Soft palate	Maxillary sinus
Gingiva (Gums)	Sphenoidal sinus
Tongue	Frontal sinus
Body of tongue	Ethmoidal Cells
Root of tongue	Mucous membrane
Dorsum of tongue	Olfactory region
Margin of tongue	Respiratory region
Apex of tongue	Hypophysis (Pituitary Gland)
Mucous membrane of tongue	Pineal Gland
Fungiform papillae of tongue	Cervical enlargement
Vallate papillae of tongue	Lumbar enlargement
Cytology/practical/100.html">Foliate papillae of tongue	Medullary cone
Foramen caecum of tongue	Filum terminale
Lingual tonsil	Anterior median fissure
Fauces	Posterior median sulcus
Palatoglossal arch	Anterolateral sulcus
Palatopharyngeal arch	Posterolateral sulcus
Palatine tonsil	Posterior intermediate sulcus
Tonsillar fossa	Cauda equina
Clinical crown of tooth	Trigeminal trigone
Neck of tooth	Vagal trigone
Root of tooth	Lateral recess
Incisors	Medial eminence of rhomboid fossa
Canines	Facial colliculus
Funiculi of spinal cord	Vestibular area
Anterior funiculus	Roof of Fourth ventricle
Lateral funiculus	Superior medullary velum
Posterior funiculus	Inferior medullary velum
Central canal	Midbrain
Grey matter	Tectum of midbrain
Anterior horn	Tectal plate
Posterior horn	Superior colliculus
Lateral horn	Inferior colliculus
White matter	Brachium of superior colliculus
Brainstem	Brachium of inferior colliculus
Medulla oblongata	Cerebral aqueduct
Pons	Interpeduncular fossa
Midbrain	Posterior perforated substance
Medulla oblongata	Cerebral peduncle
Anterior median fissure	Tegmentum of midbrain
Pyramid of medulla oblongata	Red Nucleus
Decussation of pyramids	Substantia nigra
Anterolateral sulcus	Base of cerebral peduncle
Olive	Diencephalon
Posterolateral sulcus	Thalamus
Cuneate fasciculus	Anterior tubercle of thalamus
Cuneate tubercle	Pulvinar of thalamus
Gracile fasciculus	Stria medullaris thalami
Gracile tubercle	Epithalamus
Posterior median sulcus	Habenula
Inferior cerebellar peduncle	Habenular trigone
Pons	Pineal gland
Basilar sulcus	Metathalamus
Middle cerebellar peduncle	Lateral geniculate body
Superior cerebellar peduncle	Medial geniculate body
Superior medullary velum	Hypothalamus
Tegmentum of pons (in transverse section)	Optic chiasm
Basilar part of pons	Optic tract
Cerebellum	Tuber cinereum
Cerebellar hemisphere	Infundibulum
Vermis of cerebellum	Mammillary body
Cerebellar fissures	Third ventricle
Cerebellar folia	Walls
Flocculus	Interventricular foramen
Arbor vitae	Aperture of cerebral aqueduct
Cerebellar cortex	Corpus striatum
Dentate nucleus	Caudate nucleus
Inferior cerebellar peduncle	Head
Middle cerebellar peduncle	Body
Superior cerebellar peduncle	Tail
Fourth ventricle	Frontal pole
Rhomboid fossa	Precentral sulcus
Median sulcus	Precentral gyrus
Medial eminence of rhomboid fossa	Superior frontal sulcus
Medullary striae of fourth ventricle	Inferior frontal sulcus
Lentiform nucleus	Superior frontal gyrus
Putamen	Middle frontal gyrus
Lateral globus pallidus	Inferior frontal gyrus
Medial globus pallidus	Ascending ramus
Claustrum	Anterior ramus
Lateral ventricles	Pars opercularis
Central part of lateral ventricle	Pars triangularis
Walls of central part	Pars orbitalis
Anterior (frontal) horn of lateral ventricle	Parietal lobe
Walls of anterior horn	Postcentral sulcus
Posterior (occipital) horn of lateral ventricle	Postcentral gyrus
Walls of posterior horn	Superior parietal lobule
Calcar avis of lateral ventricle	Intraparietal sulcus
Collateral eminence of lateral ventricle	Inferior parietal lobule
Inferior (temporal) horn of lateral ventricle	Angular gyrus
Walls of inferior horn	Supramarginal gyrus
Hippocampus	Temporal lobe
Interventricular foramen	Superior temporal sulcus
External capsule of Telencephalon	Inferior temporal sulcus
Internal capsule of telencephalon	Superior temporal gyrus
Anterior limb of internal capsule	Middle temporal gyrus
Genu of internal capsule	Inferior temporal gyrus
Posterior limb of internal capsule	Transverse temporal gyri
Corpus callosum	Occipital lobe
Rostrum	Occipital pole
Genu	Insula
Trunk	Insular gyri
Splenium	Medial and inferior surfaces of cerebral
Septum pellucidum	hemisphere
Fornix	Sulcus of corpus callosum
Column	Cingulate sulcus
Body	Cingulate gyrus
Crus	Isthmus of cingulate gyrus
Olfactory bulb	Hippocampal sulcus
Olfactory tract	Parahippocampal gyrus
Olfactory trigone	Uncus
Anterior perforated substance	Dentate gyrus, olfactory sulcus
Cerebral hemisphere	Paracentral sulcus
Longitudinal cerebral fissure	Paracentral lobule
Lateral fossa of cerebrum	Precuneus
Frontal lobe	Parieto-occipital sulcus
Parietal lobe	Cuneus
Temporal lobe	Calcarine sulcus
Occipital lobe	Lingual gyrus
Insula	Collateral sulcus
Superolateral surface of cerebrum	Medial occipitotemporal
Central sulcus	Gyrus
Lateral sulcus	Inferior fornix of conjunctiva
Frontal lobe	Lacrimal gland
Occipitotemporal sulcus	Auricle (pinna)
Lateral occipitotemporal gyrus	Helix
Straight gyrus	Antihelix
Olfactory sulcus	Tragus
Orbital sulci	Antitragus
Orbital gyri	Lobule of auricle (earlobe)
Spinal dura mater	External acoustic meatus
Cranial dura mater	External acoustic opening
Falx cerebri	Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Falx cerebelli	Tympanic cavity
Tentorium cerebelli	Tegmental wall
Diaphragma sellae	Jugular wall
Dural Venous Sinuses	Labyrinthine wall
Superior sagittal sinus	Mastoid wall
Inferior sagittal sinus	Carotid wall
Straight sinus	Membranous wall
Occipital sinus	Stapes
Transverse sinus	Incus
Confluence of sinuses	Malleus
Sigmoid sinus	Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube
Cavernous sinus	Internal ear
Sphenoparietal sinus	Bony labyrinth
Superior petrosal sinus	Vestibule
Inferior petrosal sinus	Semicircular canals
Arachnoid mater of brain	Cochlea
Spinal arachnoid mater	Membranous labyrinth
Pia mater of brain	Common bony crus
Spinal pia mater	Ampullary bony crura
Eyeball	Simple bony crus
Fibrous tunic of eyeball	Osseous spiral lamina
Sclera	Modiolus of cochlea
Cornea	Scala vestibuli
Vascular tunic of eyeball (uvea)	Scala tympani
Choroid	Scala vestibuli
Ciliary body	Olfactory nerve (CN I)
Iris	Optic nerve (CN II)
Pupil	Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Retina	Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
Lens	Abducens nerve (CN VI)
Vitreous body	Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
Extrinsic muscles of eyeball	Vestibular ganglion
Lateral rectus muscle	Spiral ganglion
Superior rectus muscle	Optic chiasm
Medial rectus muscle	Optic tract
Lateral rectus muscle	Trigeminal nerve (CN V) and its ganglion
Superior oblique muscle	Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Inferior oblique muscle	Maxillary nerve (V2)
Eyebrow	Mandibular nerve (V3)
Upper eyelid	Auriculotemporal nerve
Lower eyelid	Lingual nerve
Conjunctiva	External Jugular Vein
Superior conjunctival fornix	Superficial temporal veins
Inferior alveolar nerve	Dural venous sinuses
Lacrimal nerve	Thoracic duct
Nasociliary nerve
Valleix's points
Facial and intermediate nerves (CN VII)
Intermediate nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
Temporal branches
Zygomatic branches
Buccal branches
Cervical branch
Marginal mandibular branch
Chorda tympani
Greater petrosal nerve
Geniculate ganglion
Vagus nerve (CN X)
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Anterior and posterior vagal trunks
Accessory nerve (CN XI)
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
Ansa cervicalis
Superior root
Inferior root
Right common carotid artery
Right subclavian artery
Common carotid artery (right, left)
External carotid artery
Superior thyroid artery
Lingual artery
Facial artery
Occipital artery
Posterior auricular artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Superficial temporal artery
Maxillary artery
Inferior alveolar artery
Middle meningeal artery
Internal Carotid Artery
Cervical part
Petrous part
Cavernous part
Cerebral part
Ophthalmic artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Posterior communicating artery
Vertebral artery
Basilar artery
Posterior cerebral artery
Cerebral arterial circle (Circle of Willis)
Internal jugular vein
Facial vein
Retromandibular vein

Last update: 11/08/2026

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