ZOOLOGY STUDY GUIDE - Ye. O. Nevedomska - 2013

LECTURE 4. THE CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION OF ANIMAL LIVING MATTER

3. Structural and Functional Features of the Animal Cell

Animal Cells also exhibit all the Structural Features of a Introduction/5.html">Eukaryotic Cell (Fig. 6), although they have certain distinctive characteristics.

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Fig. 6. Diagram of animal Cell Structure:

1 - Nucleus; 2 - nucleolus; 3 - nuclear envelope; 4 - Endoplasmic reticulum; 5 - Mitochondria; 6 - Cytoplasm; 7 - Lysosomes; 8 - Golgi apparatus; 9 - Cell Surface Apparatus (Plasma Membrane, glycocalyx).

Animal cells lack Plastids, making them heterotrophic. Urea is present in the METABOLISM of animal cells. Their storage polysaccharide is Glycogen.

Most animals are motile organisms, and their Tissues must be elastic. Therefore, animal cells lack cell walls. However, in unicellular animals, Representatives of the subkingdom Protozoa, the surface apparatus often forms a rigid supporting layer or an elastic membrane called the pellicle (from Latin pellicula – Skin, film). Due to the absence of cell walls, the submembrane complex not only maintains cell shape but can also cause it to change. Given The complexity of multicellular animal Organization, cell-to-cell interaction is of particular importance for them. It is mediated by receptor and signaling molecules located on The Cell surface.

The supramembrane complex of animal cells is the glycocalyx (from Latin glykys – sweet, callum – thick skin). It consists of Proteins bound to CARBOHYDRATES and, in part, lipid-carbohydrate compounds. The glycocalyx is attached to The Plasma Membrane, providing a direct link between the cells and their environment, as well as cell-to-cell communication. Through it, the cell perceives stimuli.