GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY - T.P. Pirog - 2004
1. ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
1.1. MORPHOLOGICAL PERIOD IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
1.3. ROBERT KOCH'S DISCOVERIES. DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH METHODS
1.4. CONTRIBUTION OF DOMESTIC SCIENTISTS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
1.5. DEVELOPMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY IN THE 20th CENTURY
Review Questions for Chapter 1
2. POSITION OF MICROORGANISMS IN NATURE
2.1. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
2.2. PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES
2.3. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF MICROORGANISMS
Review Questions for Chapter 2
3. MORPHOLOGY OF MICROORGANISMS
3.2. MICROSCOPIC FILAMENTOUS FUNGI
Review Questions for Chapter 3
4. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE BACTERIAL CELL
4.2. ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL
4.4. PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE BACTERIAL CELL
Review Questions for Chapter 4
5. MICROBIAL CELL STRUCTURE
5.1.1. Surface structures of the bacterial cell wall
5.1.2. Structure and chemical composition of prokaryotic cell walls
5.2. MICROBIAL CELL MEMBRANES
5.2.2. Membrane structures in prokaryotes
5.4. ENDOSPORES AND OTHER RESTING FORMS IN BACTERIA
5.4.1. Characteristics of spore-forming bacteria
5.4.2. Spore formation (sporulation)
5.4.3. Other resting forms (cysts, exosomes, myxospores)
5.5. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES
Review questions for Chapter 5
6. MICROBIAL GROWTH
6.1. EFFECT OF EXTERNAL FACTORS ON MICROORGANISMS
6.2. ADAPTIVE RESPONSES OF MICROORGANISMS TO STRESS
6.2.1. Changes in membrane lipid composition
6.2.2. Synthesis of protective compounds
6.2.4. The role of intercellular chemical communications in microbial stress adaptation
6.2.5. Regulatory systems of stress response
6.3.1. Major and minor bioelements
6.3.2. Two main mechanisms of ATP synthesis
6.3.3. Nutritional types (trophisms)
6.3.4. Growth and non-growth substrates
6.3.5. Microbial transformation of mixtures of growth and non-growth substrates
6.3.6. Microbial requirements for growth factors
6.3.7. Types of culture media for microbial cultivation
6.3.8. Enrichment and isolation methods (enrichment and pure cultures)
6.4. PHYSIOLOGY OF GROWTH
6.3.3. Bacterial growth in a population
6.3.3.1. Determination of bacterial concentration
6.3.3.2. Determination of biomass
6.3.5. Bacterial growth in batch culture
6.3.6. Parameters of the growth curve
6.3.7. Growth in continuous culture
Review questions for Chapter 6
7. PROKARYOTIC SYSTEMATICS
7.1. APPROACHES (PRINCIPLES) TO BACTERIAL CLASSIFICATION
7.2. TERMINOLOGY USED IN SYSTEMATICS
7.3. THE SPECIES CONCEPT IN BACTERIOLOGY
7.4. HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF BACTERIAL SYSTEMATICS
7.6. MODERN TRENDS IN BACTERIAL SYSTEMATICS
7.6.2. Bacterial genosystematics
7.6.3. Phylogenetic classification
Review questions for Chapter 7
8. FUNGI
8.1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI
8.2. DEVELOPMENT OF MYCOLOGY, THE POSITION OF FUNGI AMONG LIVING ORGANISMS
8.6. CHALLENGES IN MODERN FUNGAL SYSTEMATICS
8.7. BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES OF FUNGI
8.7.5. Plant Growth Stimulators and Vitamins
8.8. INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL FACTORS ON THE GROWTH AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF FUNGI
8.9. DISTRIBUTION OF FUNGI AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ECOLOGICAL GROUPS
Review Questions for Chapter 8
9.1. MAIN STAGES OF YEAST RESEARCH
9.2. STRUCTURE OF THE YEAST CELL
9.3. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF YEASTS
9.4. REPRODUCTION IN YEASTS
9.4.2. Sexual Reproduction in Yeasts
9.5. TAXONOMY AND SYSTEMATICS OF YEASTS
9.6. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF YEASTS
Review Questions for Chapter 9
10. VIRUSES: DISTRIBUTION AND STRUCTURE
10.1. MAIN STAGES OF YEAST RESEARCH
10.3. BACTERIAL VIRUSES (BACTERIOPHAGES)
10.3.1. Replication of Virulent Phage: The Lytic Cycle
111. Development of Temperate Phages: Lysogeny
10.4. ROLE OF VIRUSES AND PLASMIDS IN TUMOR FORMATION (ONCOGENESIS)
Review Questions for Chapter 10
11. MAIN MECHANISMS OF METABOLISM AND ENERGY CONVERSION IN MICROORGANISMS
11.1. ANABOLISM (CONSTRUCTIVE METABOLISM)
11.3. THE PRINCIPLE OF BIOCHEMICAL UNITY
11.4. THE ROLE OF ENZYMES IN METABOLISM. MICROBIAL ENZYMES
11.5. CATABOLIC PATHWAYS OF GLUCOSE AND OTHER CARBOHYDRATES
11.5.1. Fructose-1,6-diphosphate pathway (glycolysis)
121.html">11.5.2. Entner-Doudoroff pathway
11.5.3. Glucose breakdown via gluconate
11.5.4. Pentose phosphate cycle
11.5.5. Concept of key enzymes
11.5.6. Catabolism of carbohydrates other than glucose
11.5.8. Tricarboxylic acid cycle
11.5.9. Anaplerotic reactions during microbial cultivation on carbohydrates
11.6. RESPIRATORY CHAIN AND PHOSPHORYLATION (ATP SYNTHESIS) DURING ELECTRON TRANSPORT
11.6.1. Components of the respiratory chain
11.6.3. Arrangement and functions of redox systems in the respiratory chain
11.6.4. P/O ratio and energy balance
11.6.5. Mechanism of ATP synthesis during electron transport
11.6.6. Reverse electron transport driven by ATP energy
11.6.7. Toxic effects of molecular oxygen on aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms
11.6.8. Electron transport processes in anaerobic bacteria
11.6.9. Respiratory chain inhibitors
11.7. MECHANISMS OF SUBSTRATE UPTAKE
12. METABOLIC ACTIVITY OF AEROBIC HETEROTROPHS
12.1. METABOLISM OF C2 COMPOUNDS
12.1.1. Ethanol and Acetate as Substrates
12.1.2. Glyoxylate and Oxalate as Substrates. The Glycerate Pathway
12.2. GROWTH ON REDUCED C1 COMPOUNDS (METHANE, METHANOL)
12.2.1. Energy Metabolism of Methanotrophs
12.2.2. Assimilatory Metabolism
12.2.3. Facultative Methylotrophs
12.3. CATABOLISM OF HIGHER n-ALKANES AND FATTY ACIDS
12.4. CATABOLISM OF PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS
12.5. CATABOLISM OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
12.2.1. Acetic Acid Production and Acetic Acid Bacteria
12.2.2. Acid Production by Fungi
12.2.3. Amino Acid Production by Bacteria
12.2.4. Amino Acid Production by Bacteria
12.2.5. Production of Secondary Metabolites
12.2.5.1. Antibiotic Synthesis
12.2.5.3. Microbial exopolysaccharides
12.2.5.4. Lectins of microbial origin
12.2.5.5. Microbial surface-active agents
Review questions for Chapter 12
13. BIOSYNTHETIC PROCESSES IN MICROORGANISMS
13.1. ATP REQUIREMENTS FOR THE FORMATION OF BACTERIAL CELLS FROM GLUCOSE
13.5. SYNTHESIS OF CARBOHYDRATES — CELL WALL COMPONENTS
Review questions for Chapter 13
14. TYPES OF FERMENTATION
14.1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FERMENTATION
14.1.1. ATP regeneration during fermentation
14.1.2. The role of fermentation processes in the natural balance
14.2.1. Ethanol production by yeasts
14.2.2. Ethanol production by bacteria
14.3. LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION AND THE FAMILY LACTOBACILLACEAE
14.3.1. Characteristics of lactic acid bacteria
14.3.2. Homofermentative lactic acid fermentation
14.3.3. Heterofermentative lactic acid fermentation
14.3.4. Applications of lactic acid bacteria
14.4. PROPIONIC ACID FERMENTATION AND PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA
14.4.1. Characteristics of propionic acid bacteria
14.4.2. Formation of propionic acid
14.5. MIXED-ACID FERMENTATION AND THE FAMILY ENTEROBACTERIACEAE
14.5.1. Characteristics of enterobacteria
14.5.2. Fermentation products and metabolic pathways
14.6. BUTYRIC ACID AND ACETONE-BUTANOL FERMENTATION. CLOSTRIDIA
14.6.1. Characteristics of bacteria of the genus Clostridium
14.6.2. Fermentation products and metabolic pathways
14.6.3. Fermentation of substrates other than glucose by clostridia
14.6.4. Clostridia as pathogens
14.7. HOMOACETATE FERMENTATION. CO2 AS A HYDROGEN ACCEPTOR
14.8. FERMENTABLE AND NON-FERMENTABLE NATURAL COMPOUNDS
Review questions for Chapter 14
15. ELECTRON TRANSFER UNDER ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS (ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION)
15.1. DENITRIFICATION AND NITRATE REDUCTION
15.2. HYDROGEN SULFIDE PRODUCTION DURING SULFATE REDUCTION
15.3. METHANE PRODUCTION DURING CARBONATE REDUCTION
15.4. ACETATE PRODUCTION DURING CARBONATE REDUCTION
15.5. SUCCINATE PRODUCTION DURING FUMARATE REDUCTION
15.6. REDUCTION OF Fe(III) IONS TO Fe(II)
Review questions for Chapter 15
16. UTILIZATION OF INORGANIC HYDROGEN DONORS: AEROBIC CHEMOLITHOTROPHIC BACTERIA
16.1. OXIDATION OF AMMONIA AND NITRITE (NITRIFICATION)
16.2. OXIDATION OF REDUCED SULFUR COMPOUNDS
16.4. OXIDATION OF MOLECULAR HYDROGEN
Review questions for Chapter 16
17. MOLECULAR NITROGEN FIXATION
17.1. NITROGEN FIXATION BY SYMBIOTIC (ROOT NODULE) BACTERIA
17.2. NITROGEN FIXATION BY FREE-LIVING BACTERIA
17.3. BIOCHEMISTRY OF NITROGEN FIXATION
Review questions for Chapter 17
18. PHOTOTROPHIC BACTERIA AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS
18.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF PURPLE AND GREEN BACTERIA
18.3. PHOTOSYNTHETIC PROCESSES
18.3.1. Oxygenic photosynthesis
18.3.2. Anoxygenic photosynthesis
18.4. UTILIZATION OF LIGHT ENERGY BY HALOBACTERIA
Review questions for Chapter 18
19. BACTERIAL GENETICS: STABILITY, VARIATION, AND INHERITANCE OF TRAITS
19.1. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND THE GENETIC CODE
19.1.5. mRNA translation: protein synthesis
19.2. MUTATIONS AND THEIR ORIGIN
19.3. TRAIT TRANSMISSION AND GENETIC RECOMBINATION
19.3.1. Mechanisms of Genetic Recombination
19.3.5. Restriction and Modification
19.3.7. General Principles of Gene Cloning (Construction of Hybrid DNA Molecules in vitro)
Review Questions for Chapter 19
20.1. REGULATION OF ENZYME SYNTHESIS
20.1.1. Induction of Enzyme Synthesis
20.1.2. Repression of Enzyme Synthesis
20.2. REGULATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY
20.3. MECHANISMS OF ENZYME SYNTHESIS (INDUCTION AND REPRESSION)
20.3.1. Induction of the Lactose Operon
20.3.2. End-Product Repression of the Tryptophan Operon
20.4. MECHANISMS OF REGULATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY
20.4.2. Covalent Modification of Enzymes
Review Questions for Chapter 20
21. MICROORGANISMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
21.1. ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
21.2. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY (BASIC CONCEPTS)
21.3. TYPES OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ORGANISMS IN NATURE
21.3.1. Symbiotic relationships
261.html">21.3.2. Antagonistic relationships
21.4. EVOLUTION OF MICROORGANISMS
Review questions for Chapter 21
22.1. BIOSYNTHESIS OF INDUSTRIALLY IMPORTANT METABOLITES
22.2. BIOMASS-BASED PREPARATIONS
22.3. ENERGY GENERATION (BIOGAS)
22.5. MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATION OF SUBSTANCES
22.5.1. Microbiological transformations of steroids
22.5.2. Microbiological transformations of carbohydrates
22.5.3. Microbiological transformations of heterocyclic compounds