GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY - T.P. Pyrog - 2004

22. MICROORGANISMS AS OBJECTS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

22.2. BIOMASS-BASED PREPARATIONS

22.2.1. Probiotics

Nowadays, The concepts of Probiotics, prebiotics, prebiotic foods, and eubiotics have become widespread.

The term "probiotics" literally translates to "for life." Probiotics (synonymous with eubiotics) are live microorganisms that, when administered via animal feed or human food products, exert a positive effect on the body by improving intestinal microflora. Unlike probiotics, prebiotics are substances or dietary ingredients that selectively stimulate the growth and biological activity of Microorganisms in the gut, which in turn positively influences the COMPOSITION OF THE microbiocenosis. Eubiotics are divided into two major groups: eubiotics based on pure cultures of microorganisms — probiotics, symbiotics (from the word "Symbiosis"), or multibiotics (preparations consisting of 6-8 probiotics); and mixed-composition eubiotics (with The addition of Amino Acids, Trace Elements, mono- and Disaccharides, etc.) — symbiotics combined with various prebiotic substances.

Most specialists and researchers classify Representatives of the normal intestinal microflora — bifidobacteria and lactobacilli — as probiotic-eubiotics. They are referred to as classical probiotics.

Microorganisms used as the basis for probiotics must meet the following requirements:

they must be isolated from the animal and human species for which they are intended;

they must exert a beneficial effect on the host Organism, which must be confirmed by Laboratory studies and clinical observations;

they must not cause side effects during prolonged use;

they must possess high colonization potential, meaning they should persist in the digestive tract until maximum positive effects are achieved (being resistant to low pH values, Bile acids, and antimicrobial substances produced by the endogenous microflora; and capable of effectively adhering to the epithelium of the respective mucous membranes);

they must have stable clinical and technological characteristics, and demonstrate a high GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION rate under conditions similar to those in the intestinal tract when cultivated in vitro.

Probiotics for the correction of human microflora. Most probiotics currently available on the pharmaceutical market are used for the Treatment and Prevention of gastrointestinal dysbiosis. The main ones include: dry bifidumbacterin — containing lyophilized live Cells of Bifidobacterium bifidum strains No. 1 and 791. One dose of the preparation contains at least 10⁷ live cells. Available in tablets, capsules, sachets, and vials;

bifidumbacterin forte — lyophilized live bifidobacterial cells immobilized on a sorbent (activated carbon). One dose of the preparation contains at least 10⁷ cells. Available in 5-dose sachets;

bifilong — contains species physiological for children and adults — Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium longum;

dry bificol — a complex preparation consisting of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Escherichia coli M-17. Available in vials;

linex — a multi-component probiotic. Available in capsules. One capsule (1 g) contains at least 1.2· 10⁷ live lyophilized cells of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium infantis var. liberorum, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Enterococcus faecium;

dry lactobacterin — dried microbial biomass of live lactobacilli Lactobacillus fermenti and Lactobacillus plantarum;

dry colibacterin — containing lyophilized live cells of Escherichia coli No. M-17. Available in ampoules and tablets;

biosporin — consists of two strains of spore-forming Bacteria, Bacillus subtilis M 3 and Bacillus licheniformis, which exist in both vegetative and Spore Forms. Using a recombinant strain of Bacillus subtilis 2335/105, a next-generation probiotic called subalin was developed, which is characterized by high antibacterial and antiviral activity. Bacillus-based probiotics were developed at the Institute of Microbiology and Virology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

Among probiotics used in veterinary practice, several biological preparations based on symbiont bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract developed in Russia should be noted, for example, lactovit. This preparation contains lactic acid bacteria and vitamin B₁₂. The Institute of Microbiology and Virology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine has created three probiotic preparations based on lactobacilli and enterococci — bovilact, lactosan, and lactin-K, as well as preparations based on live bacilli — bacterin SL and endosporin for farm animals.