BIOCHEMISTRY - L. Stryer - 1984
VOLUME 2
PART II GENERATION AND STORAGE OF METABOLIC ENERGY
CHAPTER 11 METABOLISM: BASIC CONCEPTS AND DESIGN
11.1. Free Energy Is the Most Useful Thermodynamic Function in Biochemistry
11.4. ATP Is the Universal Energy Currency in Biological Systems
11.7. ATP Hydrolysis Shifts the Equilibrium of Coupled Reactions by a Factor of 108
11.10. Coenzyme A Acts as a Universal Acyl-Group Carrier
CHAPTER 12. GLYCOLYSIS
12.1. Nomenclature and Conformation of Monosaccharides
12.2. Overview of Key Structures and Reactions
12.7. Formation of Pyruvate and Generation of the Second ATP Molecule
12.10. Pyruvate Can Be Converted into Ethanol, Lactate, or Acetyl-Coenzyme A
12.13. Aldolase Forms a Schiff Base Intermediate with Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate
12.16. Enol Phosphates Possess a High Group-Transfer Potential
APPENDIX. STEREOCHEMICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF CERTAIN SUGARS
CHAPTER 13. THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
13.1. Formation of Acetyl-Coenzyme A from Pyruvate
13.3. Oxaloacetate Condenses with Acetyl-Coenzyme A to Form Citrate
13.6. Oxidative Decarboxylation of Alpha-Ketoglutarate Yields Succinyl-CoA
13.9. Stoichiometry of the tricarboxylic acid cycle
13.11. Variations on a multienzyme theme: the alpha-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
13.14. Stereospecific hydrogen transfer by NAD+ dehydrogenases
13.17. Regulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
APPENDIX. RS-DESIGNATION OF CHIRALITY
CHAPTER 14. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
14.1. Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in mitochondria
14.2. Redox potentials and free-energy changes
14.4. Flavin, iron-sulfur complexes, quinone, and heme groups transfer electrons from NADH to O2
14.5. The coupling of oxidation and phosphorylation is mediated by a proton gradient
14.7. Protons are pumped out by symmetrically or asymmetrically oriented transmembrane complexes
14.9. Electrons from cytoplasmic NADH enter mitochondria via the glycerophosphate shuttle
14.12. Complete oxidation of glucose yields 36 ATP
14.15. Three-dimensional structure of cytochrome c
CHAPTER 15. THE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY AND GLUCONEOGENESIS
15.1. The pentose phosphate pathway generates ATP and synthesizes five-carbon sugars
15.5. The rate of the pentose phosphate pathway is regulated by the concentration of NADP+
15.8. Thiamine pyrophosphate, the prosthetic group of transketolase, transfers activated aldehydes
15.11. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency as a cause of drug-induced hemolytic anemia
15.14. Gluconeogenesis Is Not the Reverse of Glycolysis
15.20. Substrate Cycles Amplify Metabolic Signals and Heat Production
CHAPTER 16. GLYCOGEN AND DISACCHARIDE METABOLISM
16.1. Phosphorylase Catalyzes the Phosphorolytic Cleavage of Glycogen to Glucose-1-Phosphate
16.2. Glycogen Breakdown Also Requires a Debranching Enzyme
16.5. Synthesis and Breakdown of Glycogen Occur via Different Pathways
16.8. The Branching Enzyme Forms alpha-1,6-Linkages
16.11. Phosphorylase Is Activated by Phosphorylation of a Specific Serine Residue
16.14. Glycogen Synthase Is Inactivated by Phosphorylation of a Specific Serine Residue
16.18. Liver Glycogen Metabolism Regulates Blood Glucose Levels
16.22. Lactose Synthesis Is Controlled by a Modifying Subunit
CHAPTER 17. FATTY ACID METABOLISM
17.3. Triacylglycerols (Triglycerides) Are Highly Concentrated Energy Reserves
17.7. Carnitine Transports Activated Long-Chain Fatty Acids into the Mitochondrial Matrix
17.10. An Isomerase and an Epimerase Are Required for the Oxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids
17.14. Animals Cannot Convert Fatty Acids into Glucose
17.17. Intermediates in Fatty Acid Synthesis Are Attached to an Acyl Carrier Protein
17.20. In Eukaryotes, Fatty Acids Are Synthesized by a Multienzyme Complex
17.23. Fatty Acid Elongation and Desaturation Are Carried Out by Additional Enzyme Systems
CHAPTER 18. AMINO ACID DEGRADATION AND THE UREA CYCLE
18.1. α-Amino groups are converted to ammonium ion via oxidative deamination of glutamate
18.3. Serine and threonine can undergo direct deamination
18.6. Inherited enzyme deficiencies of the urea cycle lead to hyperammonemia
18.9. The C4-amino acid family: aspartate and asparagine are converted to oxaloacetate
18.15. Leucine is degraded to acetyl-coenzyme A and acetoacetyl-coenzyme A
18.18. Impaired phenylalanine hydroxylation can result in severe intellectual disability
CHAPTER 19. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
19.1. Discovery of the overall equation of photosynthesis
19.2. Chlorophylls function as photoreceptor molecules
19.5. Oxygen evolved in photosynthesis is derived from water
19.9. Photosystem I generates NADPH via reduced ferredoxin
19.12. ATP can also be formed during cyclic electron flow through photosystem I
19.15. CO2 reacts with ribulose bisphosphate to yield two molecules of phosphoglycerate
19.18. Regulation of the Calvin cycle
19.21. The purple membrane protein of halobacteria pumps protons to drive ATP synthesis
PART III. BIOSYNTHESIS OF MACROMOLECULAR PRECURSORS
CHAPTER 20. BIOSYNTHESIS OF MEMBRANE LIPIDS AND STEROID HORMONES
20.4. Phosphoacylglycerols can also be synthesized from preformed residues
20.8. Tay-Sachs disease: an inherited defect in ganglioside degradation
20.11. Synthesis of isopentenyl pyrophosphate, an activated intermediate in cholesterol formation
20.15. Cholesterol synthesis in the liver is inhibited by dietary cholesterol
20.18. Absence of LDL receptors leads to hypercholesterolemia and premature atherosclerosis
20.22. Pregnenolone is formed from cholesterol by side-chain cleavage
20.25. Deficient 21-hydroxylase activity leads to virilism and adrenal hyperplasia
CHAPTER 21. BIOSYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDS AND HEME
21.1. Microorganisms use ATP and a strong reducing agent to convert N2 to NH4
21.7. S-adenosylmethionine is the primary methyl group donor
21.10. Histidine is synthesized from ATP, PRPP, and glutamine
21.13. Amino acids are precursors to numerous other biomolecules
CHAPTER 22. BIOSYNTHESIS OF NUCLEOTIDES
22.1. Nomenclature of bases, nucleosides, and nucleotides
22.3. Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate is the donor of the ribose-phosphate moiety in nucleotides
22.6. Purine bases can be salvaged via PRPP-dependent pathways
22.11. Nucleoside mono-, di-, and triphosphates are interconvertible
22.15. Deoxyribonucleotides are synthesized by the reduction of ribonucleoside diphosphates
22.18. ATP is a precursor of NAD+, FAD, and coenzyme A
22.21. Birds and Terrestrial Reptiles Excrete Uric Acid Instead of Urea to Conserve Water
CHAPTER 23. METABOLIC INTEGRATION
23.1. Metabolic Strategies: An Overview
23.2. Recurring Motifs in Metabolic Regulation
23.4. Key Intermediates: Glucose-6-Phosphate, Pyruvate, and Acetyl-CoA