Orthopedics - Oleksa A.P. 2006



Preface

Examination of the Orthopedic Patient

Examination of the orthopedic patient

Complaints

Examination of the Orthopedic Patient

Objective Examination

Overview

Palpation

Percussion

Examination of the orthopedic patient

Auscultation

Measurement of limb length

Examination of the Orthopedic Patient

Measurement of Limb Segment Circumference

Examination of the orthopedic patient

Assessment of joint range of motion

Assessment of muscle strength

Examination of the Orthopedic Patient

Supplementary Methods for Examining the Musculoskeletal System

Examination of the orthopedic patient

Development of the skeletal system

Postnatal bone development

Examination of the Orthopedic Patient

Structural Elements of the Joint

Cartilage

Joint Capsule

Joint Pathophysiology

Developmental Defects and Congenital Skeletal Anomalies

Mucopolysaccharidoses

Pathophysiology of Joints

Osteoonychodysostosis (Nail-Patella Syndrome)

Rachitic Hypophosphatemia

Hypophosphatasia Syndrome

Skeletal Malformations and Congenital Anomalies

Cleidocranial and Craniofacial Dysplasias

Developmental Defects and Congenital Skeletal Anomalies

Osteopoikilosis

Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis (Caffey's Disease)

Malformations and Congenital Anomalies of the Skeleton

Multiple Osteocartilaginous Exostoses (Osteochondrodysplasia)

Developmental Defects and Congenital Skeletal Anomalies

Ollier's Disease (Multiple Enchondromatosis)

Pathophysiology of joints

Skeletal malformations and congenital anomalies

Maffucci syndrome

Pathophysiology of Joints

Skeletal Malformations and Congenital Anomalies

Hemimelic Epiphyseal Dysplasia

Joint Pathophysiology

Progressive Muscular Atrophy

Pathophysiology of Joints

Developmental Defects and Congenital Skeletal Anomalies

Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (Myositis Ossificans Progressiva)

Melorheostosis

Larsen Syndrome

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Achondroplasia

Hypochondroplasia

Joint Pathophysiology

Pseudochondroplasia (Pseudochondroplastic Dysplasia)

Pathophysiology of Joints

Thanatophoric Dysplasia

Pathophysiology of joints

Developmental defects and congenital skeletal anomalies

Enchondral dysostoses (dysplasia ossium)

Pathophysiology of Joints

Developmental Disorders and Congenital Skeletal Anomalies

Enchondral Metaepiphyseal Dysostosis

Skeletal Malformations and Congenital Anomalies

Ribbing-Miller Type

Developmental Defects and Congenital Skeletal Anomalies

Morquio-Brailsford Type (Morquio's disease)

Pfaundler-Hurler Syndrome (Gargoylism)

Metaphyseal Dysostosis

Dyschondrosteosis

Short-rib Polydactyly Syndrome

Joint Pathophysiology

Skeletal Malformations and Congenital Anomalies

Jeune's Thoracodystrophic Syndrome

Pathophysiology of Joints

Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia

Developmental Defects and Congenital Skeletal Anomalies

Fibrous Dysplasia

Skeletal Malformations and Congenital Anomalies

Ochronotic Arthropathy (Ochronosis)

Developmental Defects and Congenital Skeletal Anomalies

Stippled Epiphyseal Dysplasia

Marfan Syndrome

Skeletal Malformations and Congenital Anomalies

Arthrogryposis

Pathophysiology of joints

Developmental defects and congenital skeletal anomalies

Renal osteodystrophy

Pathophysiology of Joints

Developmental Defects and Congenital Skeletal Anomalies

Fanconi Syndrome

Joint Pathophysiology

Paget's Disease

Pathophysiology of Joints

Torticollis

Acquired Torticollis

Congenital Marble Bone Disease (Osteopetrosis, Systemic Osteosclerosis, Albers-Schönberg Disease)

Systemic Ossifying Periostoses

De Quervain's Disease

Metabolic Bone Diseases

Osteomalacia

Osteomalacia Due to Calcium and Vitamin D Deficiency

Osteoporosis

Endocrine Skeletal Disorders

Bone Syndromes in Pituitary Diseases

Metabolic bone diseases

Endocrine skeletal disorders

Pituitary dwarfism

Metabolic Bone Diseases

Endocrine Skeletal Disorders

Gigantism and Acromegaly

Cushing's Disease

Adiposogenital Dystrophy

Effects of Sex Hormones on the Skeleton

The Influence of Sex Hormones on the Skeleton

Hypogenitalism

Effects of Sex Hormones on the Skeleton

Hypergenitalism

Skeletal Changes in Thyroid Disorders

Myxedema

Hyperthyroidism (Graves' Disease)

Hyperparathyroidism (parathyroid osteodystrophy, osteitis fibrosa, von Recklinghausen's disease)

Pathological Changes in Bones Resulting from Pancreatic Dysfunction

Skeletal Alterations in Vitamin D and C Deficiency

Rickets

Skeletal Alterations in Vitamin D and C Deficiencies

Vitamin C Deficiency

Bone Cysts

Metabolic bone diseases

Contractures (contracturae)

Metabolic Bone Diseases

Dupuytren's Contracture

Metabolic bone diseases

Lederhose's disease (Lederhose)

Congenital malformations of the upper extremity

Congenital upper limb malformations

Congenital forearm malformations

Clubhand

Congenital upper limb deformities

Congenital deformities of the forearm

Congenital dislocation of the radial head

Congenital malformations of the upper extremity

Congenital malformations of the forearm

Madelung's disease

Congenital upper limb malformations

Congenital forearm malformations

Amniotic bands and congenital amputations

Congenital forearm anomalies

Congenital radioulnar synostosis

Congenital malformations of the upper extremity

Congenital hand deformities

Syndactyly

Congenital malformations of the upper limb

Brachiphalangia, brachydactyly, and brachymetacarpia

Congenital upper limb deformities

Aphalangia

Congenital malformations of the upper extremity

Congenital hand malformations

Polydactyly and polyphalangism

Congenital hand deformities

Macrodactyly

Congenital contractures of the fingers

Congenital upper limb malformations

Congenital cleft hand

Congenital and acquired deformities of the lower limb

Congenital and acquired deformities of the hip

Femoral hypoplasia

Congenital and Acquired Deformities of the Lower Extremity

Congenital and Acquired Hip Deformities

Hip Dysplasia and Congenital Hip Dislocation

Chondrolysis of the Hip Joint

Congenital and Acquired Deformities of the Hip

Coxa Valga

Congenital and Acquired Hip Deformities

Coxa Vara (Varus Deformity of the Femoral Neck)

Congenital and Acquired Deformities of the Hip

High-Riding Greater Trochanter

Congenital and acquired deformities of the lower limb

Congenital and acquired deformities of the hip

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis

Congenital and Acquired Deformities of the Lower Extremity

Congenital and Acquired Deformities of the Hip

Stable and Unstable Epiphysiolysis

Congenital Deformities of the Knee Joint

Congenital Dislocation of the Patella

Congenital Defects of the Knee Joint

Congenital Bipartite/Multipartite Patella

Congenital Deformities of the Knee Joint

Hyperextended Knee (genu recurvatum)

Congenital and acquired deformities of the lower limb

Congenital knee joint anomalies

Flexed knee (genu flexum)

Congenital and acquired deformities of the lower extremity

Congenital defects of the knee joint

Meniscal developmental anomalies

Congenital and Acquired Deformities of the Lower Extremity

Congenital Deformities of the Knee Joint

Baker's Cyst

Congenital and acquired deformities of the lower limb

Congenital deformities of the knee joint

Hoffa's disease and traumatic lipoarthritis

Congenital deformities of the lower leg

Congenital absence of the fibula

Congenital absence of the tibia

Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia

Congenital and acquired lower limb deformities

Congenital rotation of the lower leg

Congenital and acquired deformities of the lower limb

Congenital dislocation of the knee

Lower limb malalignment

Congenital and Acquired Deformities of the Lower Extremity

Lower Extremity Axis Deviations

Genu Valgum

Genu varum (Bowlegs)

Congenital and acquired deformities of the lower extremity

Lower limb axis deviations

Varus deformity of the leg bones

Congenital and Acquired Deformities of the Lower Extremity

Lower Extremity Axis Malalignment

Blount's Disease

Lower Limb Axis Deviation

Flail Knee Joint

Orthopedic Deformities of the Foot

Congenital Clubfoot (talipes aequino-varus congenita)

Orthopedic Foot Deformities

Congenital Deformities of the Toes

Congenital and Acquired Defects of the Lower Extremity

Congenital Gigantism of the Toes

Congenital and Acquired Defects of the Lower Limb

Congenital Longitudinal Split Foot

Congenital and Acquired Deformities of the Lower Extremity

Accessory Sesamoid Bones of the Foot

Congenital and Acquired Defects of the Lower Extremity

Orthopedic Deformities of the Foot

Flatfoot

Congenital and acquired deformities of the lower limb

Orthopedic foot deformities

Flat-valgus foot

Congenital and Acquired Deformities of the Lower Extremity

Orthopedic Foot Deformities

Clubfoot

Pes Cavus (Hollow Foot)

Hallux Valgus

Hammer Toes

Congenital and Acquired Lower Limb Deformities

Calcaneal Spurs

Pain Syndromes of the Limbs

Painful Shoulder Syndrome

Pain syndromes of the extremities

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Pain Syndromes of the Extremities

Myofascial Pain Syndrome

Pain syndromes of the extremities

Foot pain

Limb Pain Syndromes

Calcaneal Apophysitis

Pain syndromes of the extremities

Achilles tendonitis

Pain Syndromes of the Extremities

Diabetic Foot

Pain syndromes of the extremities

Ingrown toenail

Pain syndromes of the limbs

Foot neuromas

Chest Deformities

Congenital Chest Deformities

Chest wall deformities

Pectus excavatum

Chest Deformities

Pigeon chest

Chest wall deformities

Flat chest

Scar-retracted chest wall

Chest deformities

Cervical ribs

Chest Deformities

Klippel-Feil Syndrome

Congenital High Scapula (Sprengel's Deformity)

Chest deformities

Winged scapula

Chest Deformities

Snapping Scapula

Chest Wall Deformities

Tietze's Syndrome

Congenital spinal deformities

Congenital Spinal Deformities

Spina bifida

Sacralization and Lumbarization of the Vertebrae

Vertebral Fusion (Concrescence)

Anomalies of the Articular Processes of the Vertebrae

Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis

Kyphosis

Juvenile Kyphosis (Scheuermann's Disease)

Senile kyphosis

Scoliosis

Idiopathic scoliosis

Congenital, dysplastic, and neurodysplastic scoliosis

Paralytic Scoliosis

Rachitic scoliosis

Post-traumatic scoliosis

Errors and Complications in the Surgical Treatment of Scoliosis

Spinal conditions causing pain

Spinal osteochondrosis

Spinal stenosis

Spine conditions causing pain

Diseases of the intervertebral joints

Lumbago

Spinal Disorders Causing Pain

Spondylosis and Spondyloarthritis

Spinal disorders causing pain

Ankylosing spondylitis

Joint Diseases

Classification of Joint Diseases

General Pathology of Joint Elements

Joint diseases

Arthritis

Arthritis of undetermined etiology

Rheumatic polyarthritis

Joint Diseases

Arthritis of Unknown Etiology

Rheumatoid Polyarthritis

Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

Joint diseases

Arthritis of undetermined etiology

Felty's syndrome

Joint Diseases

Arthritis of Unknown Etiology

Reiter's Syndrome (Fiessinger-Leroy-Reiter syndrome)

Reactive Arthritides

Post-traumatic Arthritis

Arthritis of Undetermined Etiology

"Migratory" (Transient) Coxitis

Joint diseases

Hemophilic arthritis

Joint Diseases

Infectious Arthritis of Known Etiology

Purulent Arthritis

Infectious Arthritides of Known Etiology

Chlamydial Arthritis

Infectious Arthritis of Known Etiology

Yersinial Arthritis

Infectious Arthritides of Known Etiology

Gonococcal Arthritis

Syphilitic Arthritis

Infectious Arthritis of Known Etiology

Brucellar Arthritis

Dysenteric Arthritis

Infectious Arthritides of Known Etiology

Typhoid Arthritis

Other Post-Infectious Arthritides

Gout

Degenerative and Dystrophic Joint Diseases

Degenerative-Dystrophic Joint Diseases

Primary Chronic Osteoarthritis

Primary Chronic Coxarthrosis

Degenerative and Dystrophic Joint Diseases

Treatment of Protrusive Coxarthrosis

Primary Chronic Gonarthrosis

Secondary Osteoarthritis

Degenerative-Dystrophic Joint Diseases

Static Deforming Arthrosis

Degenerative and Dystrophic Joint Diseases

Static Deforming Arthrosis of the Ankle Joint

Joint diseases

Degenerative-dystrophic joint diseases

Post-traumatic deforming arthrosis

Joint Diseases

Degenerative-Dystrophic Joint Diseases

Post-inflammatory (Post-infectious) Arthrosis

Degenerative and Dystrophic Joint Diseases

Deforming Arthrosis Following Aseptic Osteonecrosis

Osteochondropathies

Osteochondropathies of the bones of the upper extremity - Osteochondropathy of the humeral head

Osteochondritis dissecans of the capitulum and the trochlea of the humerus

Osteochondropathy of the radial head

Osteochondropathy of the olecranon

Osteochondropathy of the distal epiphysis of the radius or ulna

Osteochondropathy of the lunate bone (Kienböck's disease)

Osteochondropathy of the carpal scaphoid bone (Preiser's disease)

Osteochondropathies of other carpal bones

Osteochondropathy of the metacarpal bone heads

Osteochondropathy of the phalanges of the fingers

Osteochondropathies of the lower limb bones

Osteochondropathy of the phalanges of the hand

Osteochondropathies of the Lower Extremity Bones

Osteochondritis dissecans of the femoral condyle (König's disease)

Osteochondropathies of the Bones of the Lower Extremity

Osteochondropathy of the Patella (Sinding-Larsen-Johansson Disease)

Osteochondropathies of the Lower Extremity Bones

Osteochondropathy of the Tibial Tuberosity

Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Talus

Osteochondropathies of the Bones of the Lower Extremity

Osteochondropathy of the Calcaneal Apophysis (Haglund's Disease)

Osteochondropathies of the lower limb bones

Osteochondropathy of the navicular bone of the foot (Köhler disease I)

Osteochondropathies of the Bones of the Lower Extremity

Osteochondropathy of the Metatarsal Head (Köhler II Disease)

Osteochondropathies of the Lower Extremity Bones

Osteochondropathy of the Base (Apophysis) of the Fifth Metatarsal Bone (Iselin's Disease)

Osteochondropathies of the Bones of the Lower Extremity

Osteochondropathy of the Sesamoid Bones of the Metatarsophalangeal Joint

Osteochondropathies of the lower limb bones

Osteochondropathy of the vertebral body (Calvé's disease)

Osteochondropathies of the Lower Extremity Bones

Osteochondropathy of the Ischiopubic Synchondrosis

Neurogenic arthropathies

Syringomyelic arthropathy

Tabetic arthropathy

Chondromatosis of the joint

Chondrocalcinosis

Hypermobility syndrome in children and adolescents

Neurogenic deformities of the musculoskeletal system

Orthopedic deformities following poliomyelitis

Neurogenic Deformities of the Musculoskeletal System

Paralytic Clubfoot

Paralytic Valgus Foot

Infantile Cerebral Spastic Paralysis (Cerebral Palsy)

Bone and Joint Tuberculosis

General Principles of Conservative Treatment

Osteoarticular Tuberculosis

Surgical Treatment of Osteoarticular Tuberculosis

Bone and Joint Tuberculosis

Tuberculous Spondylitis

Surgical Treatment of Tuberculous Spondylitis

Tuberculosis of the Hip Joint

Tuberculosis of the Knee Joint

Tuberculous Trochanteritis

Tuberculous Sacroiliitis

Osteoarticular Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis of the Shoulder Joint

Bone and Joint Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis of the Elbow Joint

Osteoarticular Tuberculosis

Osteoarticular Tuberculosis of Other Localizations

Bone and Joint Tuberculosis

Treatment of Cold Abscesses and Fistulae

Osteomyelitis

Hematogenous osteomyelitis

Garre's Sclerosing Osteomyelitis (Carl Garre)

Litre's osteomyelitis

Brodie's abscess

Occupational diseases of the musculoskeletal system

Occupational musculoskeletal disorders

Deutschlander's disease

Diseases of the peripheral nervous system

Sports injuries and occupational illnesses

Occupational tendinopathies

Occupational diseases of the musculoskeletal system

Stenosing ligamentitis

Occupational musculoskeletal disorders

Crepitant tenosynovitis of the forearm

Occupational Musculoskeletal Disorders

Occupational Bursitis

Occupational musculoskeletal disorders

Occupational myositis

Aseptic osteonecrosis of the lunate bone

Humeroscapular periarthritis

Epicondylitis of the humerus

Vibration disease

Electrical injuries

Cold-induced bone injuries

Occupational Musculoskeletal Disorders

Radiation-Induced Bone Damage

Occupational diseases of the musculoskeletal system

Bone and joint changes in caisson disease

Occupational musculoskeletal disorders

Musculoskeletal disorders resulting from chronic intoxication

Phosphorus poisoning

Chronic lead poisoning (saturnism)

Fluorine and fluoride poisoning

Occupational Musculoskeletal Disorders

Copper Poisoning

Tumor-like bone lesions and bone tumors

Tumor-like lesions and bone tumors

Classification of tumors by their clinical course

Etiology

Tumor-like bone lesions and bone tumors

Clinical symptoms of tumors

Tumor-like lesions and bone tumors

Diagnostics

Tumor-like conditions and bone tumors

Laboratory examination

Tumor-like lesions and bone tumors

Basic principles of tumor treatment

Bone Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions

Radiation Therapy

Tumor-like conditions and bone tumors

Chemotherapy

References