Orthopedics - Oleksa A.P. 2006

Scoliosis

The term "Scoliosis" (derived from the Greek word skolios, meaning crooked) was coined by Galen as early as the second century of the last millennium. Spinal scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spinal Column accompanied by mandatory Rotation of the vertebral bodies. In the absence of rotation, the condition indicates a postural disorder, specifically a pre-scoliotic posture.

Ignoring this fact leads to inaccurate statistical data regarding the prevalence of scoliosis among examined children. In Ukraine, the average prevalence of scoliosis is 6.9 per 1,000 children and 8.5 per 1,000 adolescents aged 16–17. However, this rate varies across different age groups: 0.32 in nurseries, 2.63 in preschool institutions, and 12.2 per 1,000 examined schoolchildren (Ternovy K.S., 1988).

Spinal scoliosis is classified into congenital and acquired forms. Congenital scoliosis (Fig. 268) is caused by Developmental anomalies of the spine (such as a supernumerary wedge vertebra, hemivertebra, or spinous process synostosis) and spinal Dysplasia (Spina bifida occulta, spondylolysis, spina bifida, lumbarization, etc.).

Acquired scoliosis includes neurogenic, static, post-rachitic, post-traumatic, and idiopathic types.

Neurogenic scoliosis develops in patients with flaccid or spastic paralysis due to an imbalance in the back and Abdominal Muscles. It also occurs in syringomyelia, neurodysplasia, and myopathy.

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Fig. 268. Congenital scoliosis caused by the asymmetrical position of anomalous vertebrae.

Static scoliosis occurs as a consequence of lower limb shortening, hip joint ankylosis, etc.

Post-rachitic and Post-traumatic scoliosis are extremely rare in clinical practice.