General and Sports Anatomy - L.V. Kapilevich, K.V. Davletyarova 2008
Exam Preparation Questions
Introduction to the SUBJECT. FUNDAMENTALS OF Embryology.
1. Subject matter and objectives of Anatomy as a Science. Research Methods and branches of anatomy. History of anatomical studies. Planes and axes of The Human Body. Fundamentals of Anatomical Terminology, characteristics of organ positioning.
2. Cell Structure. Major cellular Organelles and their characteristics. Cell research methods.
3. Epithelial Tissue: characteristics and Classification.
4. Connective Tissue: characteristics and classification.
5. Muscle and nervous Tissues: characteristics and classification.
6. Organ Systems and apparatuses of the human body: classification and brief Overview.
7. Male and Female Germ Cells and their characteristics. Formation of the zygote and its Cleavage (the first week of development).
8. Differentiation of germ layers, formation of tissues and Organs. Fetal development.
9. Bone as an organ. Its chemical composition, structure, and METABOLISM/18.html">The Influence of muscular activity on its formation.
10. Classification of Bones. X-ray anatomy of bones. Bone Development and growth, skeletal formation.
11. Structure of a typical vertebra. Anatomy of the First and Second cervical vertebrae. Functional Anatomy OF the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae.
12. STRUCTURE OF THE Ribs AND Sternum. The thoracic cage as a whole. Variations in thoracic shapes.
13. BONES OF THE neurocranium. Age-related Features of the Skull. X-ray anatomy of the skull. Bones of the viscerocranium. Buttresses (struts) and their functional significance.
14. Functional anatomy of the bones of the Pectoral Girdle (clavicle, scapula). Functional anatomy of the Skeleton of the free upper limb (arm, forearm). Functional anatomy of the hand skeleton.
15. Functional anatomy of the bones of the Pelvic Girdle. AGE AND SEX differences of the pelvis. Functional anatomy of the skeleton of the free lower limb (thigh, leg). Functional anatomy of the FOOT skeleton. The Foot as a Shock-absorbing and supporting apparatus. Arches of the foot.
16. Types of bone connections and their characteristics. Continuous joints of bones (synarthroses).
17. General Principles of joint structure, main elements. Accessory structures of joints.
18. Classification of Joints. Axes of rotation and types of movements in joints. Range of mobility, congruence of articular surfaces.
19. Connections of the skull bones, types of sutures. Functional anatomy of the temporomandibular joint.
20. Articulations of the vertebrae. Atlanto-occipital and atlantoaxial joints. Ligamentous apparatus of the spine, intervertebral discs. The spine as a whole (regions, mobility in different parts, curvatures, vertebral canal).
21. Articulation of the ribs with the sternum and Vertebral Column. Functional anatomy of the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints.
22. Functional anatomy of the shoulder joint. Functional anatomy of the elbow joint.
23. Functional anatomy of the wrist joint. Functional anatomy of the JOINTS OF THE hand.
24. Joints of the pelvic girdle. Functional anatomy of the sacroiliac joint. Pubic Symphysis.
25. Functional anatomy of the hip joint. Functional anatomy of the knee joint.
26. Functional anatomy of the ankle joint. Functional anatomy of the joints of the foot.
27. Structure of Striated Muscle tissue. ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE muscle fiber. Sarcomere. Theory of Muscle contraction.
28. Muscle as an organ. Classification of Muscles. Shapes of muscles.
29. Accessory apparatus of muscles: tendons, aponeuroses, perimysia, fasciae, sesamoid bones, fibrous and synovial sheaths.
30. Anatomical and physiological cross-section. Muscle strength. Types of levers.
31. Functional anatomy of the Muscles of the pectoral girdle.
32. Functional anatomy of the Muscles producing movements at the elbow joint.
33. Functional anatomy of the muscles producing movements at the wrist joint and joints of the hand.
34. Functional anatomy of the muscles producing movements at the hip joint.
35. Functional anatomy of the muscles producing movement at the knee joint.
36. Functional anatomy of the muscles producing movement at the ankle joint and joints of the foot.
37. Functional anatomy of the Neck Muscles.
38. Functional anatomy of the Abdominal muscles. Connective tissue structures of the abdomen, weak points of the abdominal wall.
39. Muscles producing Movements of the spine.
40. Functional anatomy of the Respiratory Muscles.
41. Scheme of Anatomical analysis of body positions and movements.
42. Center of gravity of the human body, center of gravity of individual body parts. Methods of Determination, sex and constitutional characteristics. Center of volume of the human body.
43. Morphokinesiological Analysis of the upper limb.
44. Morphokinesiological analysis of the lower limb.
45. Displacement of Internal Organs during various body positions.
46. Anatomical Characteristics of the upright standing position.
47. Anatomical characteristics of a handstand, hanging with straight arms, and hanging with bent arms. Anatomical CHARACTERISTICS OF THE gymnastic bridge.
48. Anatomical characteristics of normal walking.
49. Anatomical characteristics of specialized types of walking (crouch walking, race walking, backward walking, and walking against resistance).
50. Anatomical characteristics of walking up and down stairs, and walking on tiptoes.
51. Anatomical characteristics of running.
52. Anatomical characteristics of the standing long jump.
53. Anatomical characteristics of cyclic movements (using a standing backward somersault as an example).
Splanchnology (The Study of INTERNAL ORGANS)
54. Characteristics of internal organs and their classification. Structure of the walls of hollow internal organs.
55. Organs of the Oral Cavity. Teeth, Tongue, and Salivary Glands.
56. Anatomy of the Esophagus and Stomach.
57. Anatomy of the intestines. Small and large intestines.
58. Anatomy of the Liver, Bile ducts, and Pancreas.
59. Structure of the Respiratory system. Respiratory tract and Larynx.
60. Structure of the Lungs. Alveoli.
61. Excretory system. Kidney anatomy. Urinary Tract.
62. Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System.
63. Anatomy of the FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.
64. General characteristics of the vascular bed. Structure of the vascular wall in various segments. Circulatory loops.
65. Structure of The Heart. Valvular apparatus of the heart.
66. Arteries of the systemic Circulation.
67. Veins OF THE systemic circulation.
68. Lymphatic system. Lymphatic ducts, vessels, and Lymph Nodes.
70. Brain anatomy. Brainstem. Structure of the Cerebral Cortex. Neural Pathways. Meninges.
71. Spinal Cord anatomy. Gray and White matter OF the spinal cord. Spinal segments and roots.
72. Cranial Nerves.
73. Spinal Nerves and plexuses.
74. Autonomic Nervous system.
75. Thyroid and Parathyroid glands.
76. Endocrine glands located in the brain: Pineal Gland, Pituitary Gland, Hypothalamus.
77. Adrenal Glands, Gonads. Endocrine function of the pancreas.
78. Anatomy of The Organ of Vision.
79. Anatomy of the Organ of Hearing and Balance.
80. Anatomy of the Integumentary System. Organs of Touch, hearing, and smell.
LIST OF SAMPLE TOPICS FOR RESEARCH PAPERS
1. Anatomical characteristics of a track-and-field sprinter's low start ("on your marks" and "set" commands).
2. Anatomical characteristics of a boxer's body position (fighting stance, peek-a-boo defense).
3. Anatomical characteristics of a swimmer's body position on the starting block.
4. Anatomical characteristics of a weightlifter's body position (before the clean and jerk, before the snatch, and holding the barbell overhead with locked arms).
5. Anatomical characteristics of a volleyball player's movements (two-handed forearm pass, overhand serve, underhand serve, spike).
6. Anatomical characteristics of executing a basketball shot (throw-in from the sideline, set shot, jump shot).
7. Anatomical characteristics of a soccer player's movements (striking the ball, goalkeeper actions, etc.).
8. Anatomical characteristics of a hockey player's movements (shot with a long wind-up, shot with a short wind-up, slap shot).
9. Anatomical characteristics of a skier's movements (classic technique, skating technique).
10. Anatomical characteristics of a swimmer's movements (breaststroke, freestyle/crawl, butterfly, fin swimming).
11. Anatomical characteristics of a cyclist's movements.
12. Anatomical characteristics of a weightlifter's movements (weightlifting, powerlifting, exercise machine workouts) during various exercises.
13. Anatomical characteristics of movements during throwing events (shot put, hammer throw, javelin throw, etc.).
Requirements for writing essays:
✵ Students can choose an essay topic in dynamic morphology, taking into account their sports specialization.
✵ The distribution of essay topics is carried out in the 1st semester.
✵ The essay must be prepared on a computer, with a length of 7-10 pages, including necessary illustrations and diagrams.
✵ The essay must reflect:
- for the anatomical characterization of body positions — joint flexion angles, load and tone of various muscle groups, positions of the COM and the centers of gravity of body parts, characteristics of support and balance, typical errors;
- for the characterization of movements — the phase structure of the performed movement, the work of various muscle groups and joint movements, The Nature of interaction with the support and sports equipment, the trajectory of the COM and the centers of gravity of body parts, balance in various phases of movement, typical errors.
✵ The essay must be submitted to the instructor within a month after THE START OF the second semester. The defense of essays is held during classes In the second semester According to the schedule set by the instructor.
✵ Students who have not prepared an essay or have received an unsatisfactory grade are not allowed to take the exam.
Last update: 08/08/2026
Editorial and Educational Adaptation: This material has been compiled based on the primary/original source text. The project team performed an editorial review, corrected technical inaccuracies, structured sections, and adapted the content for an educational format.
What was processed:
- elimination of formatting defects (OCR errors, structural breaks, corrupted characters);
- editorial organization of content;
- standardization of terminology in accordance with academic sources;
- verification of factual statements against the original source text.
All mentions of the author, publication year, and origin of the primary text have been preserved in accordance with the source.