Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, Volume 2 - Murray R. 1993

Structure, Function, and Replication of Informational Macromolecules

Nucleotides

Introduction

Structure, Function, and Replication of Information Macromolecules

Biomedical Significance

Structure of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases

Physicochemical Properties of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases

Nucleosides and Nucleotides

Structure, Function, and Replication of Informational Macromolecules

Naturally Occurring Nucleotides

Structure, Function, and Replication of Information Macromolecules

Synthetic Nucleotide Analogues

Metabolism of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotides

Introduction

Biomedical Significance

Digestion and Absorption

Purines

Pyrimidines

Clinical Disorders of Purine Metabolism (Table 35.1)

Structure, Function, and Replication of Informational Macromolecules

Disorders of Pyrimidine Metabolism (Table 35.3)

Recombinant DNA Technology

Introduction

Structure, Function, and Replication of Information Macromolecules

Biomedical Significance

Basic Properties of DNA

Basic Concepts of Genetic Engineering

Selected Practical Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology

Genetic Engineering and Analysis of the Molecular Basis of Diseases

Glossary and Reference Guide

Structure, Function, and Replication of Informational Macromolecules

Structure and Function of Nucleic Acids

Structure, Function, and Replication of Information Macromolecules

Biomedical Significance

Structure, Function, and Replication of Informational Macromolecules

DNA

Structure, Function, and Replication of Information Macromolecules

RNA

Structure, Function, and Replication of Informational Macromolecules

DNA Organization and Replication

Introduction

Structure, Function, and Replication of Information Macromolecules

Organization and Replication of DNA

Biomedical Significance

Structure, Function, and Replication of Informational Macromolecules

DNA Organization and Replication

Chromatin

Structure, Function, and Replication of Information Macromolecules

Histones and Nucleosomes

Genetic Organization of the Mammalian Genome

Structure, Function, and Replication of Informational Macromolecules

Alterations and Rearrangements of Genetic Material

Structure, Function, and Replication of Information Macromolecules

DNA Synthesis and Replication

RNA Synthesis and Processing

Introduction to the Problem and Its Biomedical Significance

RNA Synthesis

Processing of RNA Molecules

Nucleases

Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code

Introduction

Biomedical Significance

Information Flow

Structure, Function, and Replication of Informational Macromolecules

Codons and Protein Synthesis

Structure, Function, and Replication of Information Macromolecules

Transfer RNAs and Protein Synthesis

Mutations

Structure, Function, and Replication of Informational Macromolecules

The Process of Protein Synthesis

Structure, Function, and Replication of Information Macromolecules

Regulation of Gene Expression

Introduction

Structure, Function, and Replication of Informational Macromolecules

Biomedical Significance

Structure, Function, and Replication of Information Macromolecules

Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes

Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Membranes: Structure, Assembly, and Function

Introduction

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communications

Membranes: Structure, Assembly, and Functions

Biomedical Significance

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Membranes: Structure, Assembly, and Function

Maintenance of the Normal Composition of the Environment

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communication

Membrane Structure

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Lipid Composition

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communication

Organization of Membrane Lipids

Membrane Proteins

Artificial Membranes

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Membranes: Structure, Assembly, and Functions

Fluid-Mosaic Model of Membranes

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communications

Membranes: Structure, Assembly, and Function

Membrane Assembly

Specialized Functions of Membranes

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Transmembrane Transport of Small Molecules

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communication

Transmembrane Movement of Macromolecules

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communications

Membranes: Structure, Assembly, and Functions

Information Transfer in the Cell

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Intercellular Junctions and Communication

Characteristics of the Endocrine System

Introduction

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communications

Biomedical Significance

General Properties

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Diversity of the Endocrine System

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communication

The Target Gland Concept

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communications

The Concept of the Feedback Regulatory Mechanism

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Hormone Receptors

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communications

Mechanism of Hormone Action

Introduction

Biomedical Significance

Classification of Hormones

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communication

Mechanism of Action of Group I Hormones

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communications

Action of Hormones

Mechanism of Action of Group II Hormones (Peptide Hormones) — cAMP as a Second Messenger

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Mechanism of Action of Group II Hormones (Peptide Hormones) - Calcium- and Phosphoinositide-Mediated Hormone Action

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communications

Mechanism of Action of Group II Hormones (Peptide Hormones) - Hormones with an Unknown Intracellular Mediator

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Pituitary and Hypothalamic Hormones

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communication

Introduction

Biomedical Significance

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Hypothalamic Hormones

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communication

Anterior Pituitary Hormones - Growth Hormone Group - Prolactin - Chorionic Somatomammotropin

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communications

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary - Glycoprotein Hormone Group

Anterior Pituitary Hormones - The Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) Peptide Family

Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Posterior Pituitary Hormones - Oxytocin

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communication

Posterior Pituitary Hormones - Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH; Vasopressin)

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Thyroid Hormones

Introduction

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communications

Biomedical Significance

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communication

Biosynthesis of Thyroid Hormones - Metabolism of Thyroglobulin

Biosynthesis of Thyroid Hormones - Iodide Metabolism

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Transport and Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communication

Regulation of Synthesis and Release of Thyroid Hormones

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Mechanism of Action of Thyroid Hormones

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communication

Pathophysiology

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communications

Hormones Regulating Calcium Metabolism

Introduction

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Biomedical Significance

General Characteristics

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communications

Calcium Homeostasis

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communication

Hormones Involved in Calcium Homeostasis - Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Hormones Involved in Calcium Homeostasis — Calcitriol [1,25-(OH)2-D3]

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Hormones Involved in Calcium Homeostasis - Calcitonin (CT)

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

Introduction

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communications

Adrenal Cortical Hormones

Biomedical Significance

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communication

Zones of the Adrenal Cortex

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communications

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

Hormones

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Adrenocortical Hormones

Nomenclature and Chemistry of Steroids

Biosynthesis of Adrenal Steroid Hormones

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communications

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

Secretion, Transport, and Metabolism of Adrenal Steroid Hormones

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communication

Regulation of Adrenal Steroid Hormone Synthesis

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Effects of Adrenal Steroid Hormones on Metabolism

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communication

Classification and Mechanism of Action of Steroid Hormones

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communications

Adrenal Cortical Hormones

Pathophysiology of the Adrenal Cortex

Adrenal Medullary Hormones

Introduction

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Biomedical Significance

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communication

Biosynthesis of Catecholamines

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Storage and Secretion of Catecholamines

Catecholamine Metabolism

Regulation of Catecholamine Synthesis

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communication

Classification and Mechanism of Action of Catecholamines

Pathophysiology of the Adrenal Medulla

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Sex Hormones

Introduction

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communications

Biomedical Significance

Sex Gland Hormones

Testicular Hormones

Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Testicular Hormones

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communications

Regulation of Testicular Function

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communications

Sex Hormones

Physiological Effects of Testicular Hormones

Sex Gland Hormones

Mechanism of Action of Testicular Hormones

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Pathophysiology of the Male Reproductive System

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communications

Ovarian Hormones

Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Ovarian Hormones

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communication

Sex Hormones

Regulation and Physiological Action of Ovarian Hormones

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Mechanism of Action of Ovarian Hormones

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communication

Sex Gland Hormones

Pathophysiology of the Female Reproductive System

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Sex Gland Hormones and Sexual Differentiation

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communication

Sex Hormones

Chromosomal Sex

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Sex Gland Hormones

Gonadal Sex

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communications

Phenotypic Sex

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Pancreatic Hormones

Introduction

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communication

Biomedical Significance

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communications

Insulin

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communications

Insulin-like Growth Factors

Glucagon

Somatostatin

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communication

Pancreatic Polypeptide

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Gastrointestinal Hormones

Introduction

Biomedical Significance

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communication

Background

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communications

Properties of Gastrointestinal Hormones

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communications

Secretin Family

Biochemistry of Intracellular and Intercellular Communication

Gastrin-Cholecystokinin Family

Biochemistry of Intra- and Intercellular Communication

Other Gastrointestinal Peptides

Special Topics

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Introduction

Biomedical Significance

Nutrition

Energy Requirements

Energy Expenditure

Amino Acid Nitrogen and the Requirement for Specific Amino Acids

Carbohydrate Requirements

Dietary Fiber Requirements

Digestion in the Oral Cavity

Pancreatic and Intestinal Digestion

Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract

Carbohydrate Absorption

Glucose Absorption

Lipid Absorption

Absorption of Amino Acids and Proteins

Putrefaction and Fermentation Processes in the Intestine

Glycoproteins and Proteoglycans

Introduction

Biomedical Significance

Specialized Topics

Glycoproteins — Distribution and Functions

Special Topics

Glycoproteins — Information Encoded in Oligosaccharide Chains

Glycoproteins — Definition, Purification, and Structural Analysis of Glycoproteins

Glycoproteins - Sugars Present in Glycoproteins

Glycoproteins - Nucleotide Sugars

Glycoproteins - Exoglycosidases and Endoglycosidases

Glycoproteins – Lectins

Glycoproteins - Classification of Glycoproteins

Glycoproteins - I-Cell Disease

Glycoproteins — Blood Group Antigens

Glycoproteins - H Locus

Glycoproteins – Secretory Locus

Glycoproteins — ABO Locus

Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans

Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans - Degradation of the Polysaccharide Components of Glycoproteins and Proteoglycans

Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans — Functions of Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans

Blood Plasma and the Coagulation Process

Introduction

Blood Plasma and Coagulation

Biomedical Significance

Blood Plasma and the Coagulation Process

Functions of Blood

Blood Plasma and Coagulation

Plasma Proteins

Blood Plasma and the Coagulation Process

Blood Coagulation

Contractile and Structural Proteins

Introduction

Biomedical Significance

Muscle

Cell Motility and Cytoskeleton

Collagen

Cancer, Oncogenes, and Growth Factors

Introduction

Cancer, Oncogenes, Growth Factors

Biomedical Significance

Cancer, Oncogenes, and Growth Factors

Biochemical Laboratory Tests and Cancer

Cancer, Oncogenes, Growth Factors

Causes of Tumors — Radiation Energy

Causes of Tumors - Chemical Carcinogens

Oncogenic Viruses

Specialized Topics

Oncogenic Viruses – Transformation

Special Topics

Oncogenic Viruses - Oncogenes

Polypeptide Growth Factors

Polypeptide Growth Factors - Endocrine, Paracrine, or Autocrine Action of Growth Factors

Cancer, Oncogenes, and Growth Factors

Polypeptide Growth Factors — Biochemical Mechanisms of Growth Factor Action

Cancer, Oncogenes, Growth Factors

Polypeptide Growth Factors - Growth Factors and Oncogenes

Polypeptide Growth Factors - Tumor Progression

Polypeptide Growth Factors - Metastasis

Appendix

Chemical Composition of Blood and Body Fluids

Standard Clinical Laboratory Reference Values in Conventional and SI Units

List of Abbreviations