Biochemistry of Amino Acids - A. Majster 1961



Abstract

Naturally Occurring Amino Acids

Introductory Remarks

Amino Acids Commonly Found in Proteins

Introduction

Natural Amino Acids

Amino Acid Composition of Proteins

General Properties of Amino Acids

Physicochemical Properties of Amino Acids

Chemical Reactions

Naturally Occurring Amino Acids

Definition of Amino Acids

Natural Amino Acids

Other Natural Amino Acids

Introduction

Monoaminomonocarboxylic Acids

Monoaminodicarboxylic Acids

Naturally Occurring Amino Acids

Other Naturally Occurring Amino Acids

Diaminomonocarboxylic Acids

Natural Amino Acids

Other Natural Amino Acids

Diaminodicarboxylic Acids

Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids

Halogen-Containing Amino Acids

Other Amino Acids

N-Methylamino Acids

Miscellaneous Amino Acids Occurring in Nature

Naturally Occurring Amino Acids

Other Naturally Occurring Amino Acids

Distribution of Free Amino Acids

Natural Amino Acids

Natural D-Amino Acids

Peptides and Related Compounds

Introduction

Carnosine and Anserine

Naturally Occurring Amino Acids

Glutathione

Folic Acid and Related Compounds

Natural Amino Acids

Polyglutamyl Peptides

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

Naturally Occurring Amino Acids

Ergot Peptides

Natural Amino Acids

Lycomarasmin

Naturally Occurring Amino Acids

Peptides of Amanita phalloides

Natural Amino Acids

Streptogenin

Naturally Occurring Amino Acids

Antibiotics

Natural Amino Acids

Other Compounds

Issues in the Stereochemistry of Amino Acids

Naturally Occurring Amino Acids

Production of Optical Isomers of Amino Acids

α-Keto Analogues of Amino Acids

References

The Role of Amino Acids in Nutrition

General Remarks

Amino Acid Requirements in Higher Animals

Study of animal growth when fed amino acid mixtures

Manifestations of Amino Acid Deficiency in Mammals

Amino Acid Requirements of Cells Grown in Tissue Culture

Amino Acid Requirements in Lower Animals

Amino Acid Requirements in Microorganisms

Utilization of D-Amino Acids by Organisms

Amino Acid Antagonists

General Remarks

Antagonism Between Natural Amino Acids

Methionine Antagonists

Glutamic Acid Antagonists

Phenylalanine Antagonists

Tryptophan Antagonists

Aspartic Acid Antagonists

Antagonists of Other Amino Acids

References

General Biochemistry and Physiology of Amino Acid Metabolism

Amino Acid Transport into the Cell

Metabolism of the Amino Group

General Remarks

Ammonia Formation

Utilization of Ammonia

Dynamic State of Amino Acids and Proteins

Amino Group Metabolism

Hormonal Influences

Metabolism of Amino Acid Carbon Skeletons

Oxidative Deamination

Introduction

D-Amino Acid Oxidase

L-Amino Acid Oxidase

Practical Applications of Amino Acid Oxidases

L-Glutamate Dehydrogenase

Alanine Dehydrogenase

Glycine Oxidase

Amino Oxidases

Non-Oxidative Deamination

Decarboxylation of Amino Acids

Introduction

Mammalian Amino Acid Decarboxylases

Plant Amino Acid Decarboxylases

Bacterial Amino Acid Decarboxylases

Perreamination

General Remarks

Reactions between a-ketoglutaric acid and amino acids

Transamination

Transamination reactions between amino acid amides and α-keto acids

Transamination reactions between monocarboxylic amino and keto acids

Transamination reaction involving ω-amino acids and aldehyde acids

Perreamination

Transamination of D-Amino Acids

Transamination

Evidence for the Existence of Various Transaminases

The Significance of Transamination Reactions in Amino Acid Metabolism

Racemization of Amino Acids

General Remarks

Racemization of Alanine

Racemization of Glutamic Acid

Racemization of Methionine

Amino Acid Racemization

alpha,epsilon-Diaminopimelic Acid Racemase

Racemization of Amino Acids

Racemization of Threonine

Functions of Vitamin B6 in Amino Acid Metabolism

Synthesis of Peptide Bonds

General Remarks

Reactions Catalyzed by Hydrolytic Enzymes

Acylation of Amino Acids

Synthesis of Glutathione

Synthesis of Glutamine

Synthesis of Other Compounds Containing -CONH- Bonds

Incorporation of Amino Acids into Proteins

Purine Biosynthesis

References

Intermediary Metabolism of Amino Acids

Introduction

Intermediate Metabolism of Amino Acids

Alanine

Intermediary Metabolism of Amino Acids

β-Alanine

Aspartic Acid and Asparagine

Glutamic Acid and Glutamine

Glycine, Serine, and Sarcosine

Glycine

Synthesis of Porphyrins

Interconversion of Glycine and Serine

Sarcosine

Other Transformations of Serine

Threonine

Biosynthesis

Metabolism of Threonine

Arginine, Ornithine, and Citrulline

Proline

Biosynthesis in Microorganisms

Proline Metabolism in Mammals

Proline Metabolism in Plants

Oxyproline

Isoleucine, Leucine, and Valine

Biosynthesis

Catabolism of Branched-Chain Monoaminocarboxylic Acids

Methionine and Cysteine

Formation and Transformations of Cystathionine

Transmethylation

Other Transformations of Methionine

Intermediate metabolism of amino acids

Methionine and cysteine

Degradation of cysteine

Intermediary Metabolism of Amino Acids

Histidine

Biosynthesis

Histidine Degradation

Tryptophan

Biosynthesis

Conversion of Tryptophan to Kynurenine and Nicotinic Acid

Other Transformations of Kynurenine and Its Derivatives

5-Hydroxytryptophan and Its Metabolic Products

Intermediate Amino Acid Metabolism

The role of tryptophan in plant growth hormone biosynthesis

Intermediary Metabolism of Amino Acids

Other Tryptophan Metabolites

Phenylalanine and Tyrosine

Biosynthesis in Microorganisms

Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Metabolism in Animals

Other Tyrosine Metabolism Reactions

Lysine

Biosynthesis

Catabolism of Lysine

References

Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism in Certain Pathological States

Introduction

Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism in Certain Pathological Conditions

Ammonia Metabolism

Aminoaciduria

Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism in Certain Pathological States

Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Metabolism

Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism in Certain Pathological Conditions

General Remarks

Alcaptonuria

Disorders of amino acid metabolism in certain pathological conditions

Phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism

Excretion of n-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid

Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism in Certain Pathological Conditions

Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Metabolism

Phenylpyruvic Oligophrenia

Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism in Certain Pathological States

Albinism and Pheochromocytoma

Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism in Certain Pathological Conditions

Tryptophan Metabolism

Increased Serotonin Production

Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism in Certain Pathological States

Excretion of Tryptophan Metabolism Products

Disorders of amino acid metabolism in certain pathological conditions

Other disorders of amino acid metabolism

Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism in Certain Pathological Conditions

References