Biological Chemistry - Berezov, T. T., Korovkin, B. F. 1998



Preface

Introduction

Protein Chemistry

Functions of Proteins

Protein content in organs and tissues

Methods for Protein Isolation and Purification

Homogenization of Biological Material

Chemistry of Proteins

Protein Extraction

Protein Chemistry

Protein Fractionation and Purification

Removal of Low-Molecular-Weight Impurities from Proteins

Determination of Protein Homogeneity

Amino Acid Composition of Proteins

Classification of Amino Acids

General Properties of Amino Acids

Chemistry of Proteins

Physicochemical Properties of Proteins

Molecular Weight of Proteins

Protein Chemistry

Shape of Protein Molecules

Protein Denaturation

Isoelectric and Isoionic Points of Proteins

Structural Organization of Proteins

Primary Protein Structure

Structural organization of proteins

Methods for determining the N-terminal amino acid

Structural Organization of Proteins

Methods for Determining the C-Terminal Amino Acid

Chemistry of Proteins

Secondary Protein Structure

Protein Chemistry

Tertiary Structure of Protein

Quaternary Structure of Proteins

Classification of Proteins

Chemistry of Simple Proteins

Natural Peptides

Chemistry of Conjugated Proteins

Chromoproteins

Hemoproteins

Flavoproteins

Nucleoproteins

Lipoproteins

Phosphoproteins

Glycoproteins

Metalloproteins

Chemistry of Nucleic Acids

Chemical Composition of Nucleic Acids

Structure of Nucleic Acids

Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids

Secondary Structure of Nucleic Acids

Tertiary Structure of Nucleic Acids

Enzymes

Introduction to Enzymes

A Brief History of the Development of Enzymology

Chemical Nature of Enzymes

Structure of Enzymes

Active Site of Enzymes

Isoenzymes

Multimolecular Enzyme Systems

Mechanism of Enzyme Action

Enzymatic Reaction Kinetics

Basic Properties of Enzymes

Factors Determining Enzyme Activity

Basic Properties of Enzymes

Effect of Substrate and Enzyme Concentrations on the Rate of Enzymatic Reaction

Enzyme Activation and Inhibition

Regulation of Enzyme Activity

Determination of Enzyme Activity

Intracellular Localization of Enzymes

Classification and Nomenclature of Enzymes

List of enzymes

Application of Enzymes

Problems in Medical Enzymology

Chemistry of Carbohydrates

Biological Role of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrate Chemistry

Classification of Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

Chemistry of Carbohydrates

Main reactions of monosaccharides, reaction products, and their properties

Oligosaccharides

Polysaccharides

Homopolysaccharides

Heteropolysaccharides

Chemistry of Lipids

Biological Role of Lipids

Classification of Lipids

Lipid Chemistry

Fatty Acids

Chemistry of Lipids

Glycerides (Acylglycerols)

Waxes

Phospholipids

Glycerophospholipids

Lipid Chemistry

Sphingolipids (Sphingophospholipids)

Chemistry of Lipids

Glycolipids (Glycosphingolipids)

Steroids

Vitamins

History of the development of vitaminology and general concepts of vitamins

Methods for Vitamin Determination

Classification of Vitamins

Fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamin A group

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin D Group

Fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamin K group

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin E Group

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin B1

Vitamin B2

Vitamin PP

Vitamin B6

Biotin (Vitamin H)

Water-soluble vitamins

Folic acid

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin B12

Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B3)

Vitamin C

Vitamin P

Vitamin-like Compounds

Para-aminobenzoic Acid

Vitamin B15

Inositol

Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone)

Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ)

Vitamin-like compounds

Vitamin U

Vitamin-like Compounds

Lipoic Acid

Vitamin-like Substances

Choline

Vitamin-like substances

Antivitamins

Hormones

General Concept of Hormones

Nomenclature and Classification of Hormones

Hypothalamic hormones

Pituitary Hormones

Vasopressin and Oxytocin

Melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH, melanotropins)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, corticotropin)

Somatotropic hormone (STH, growth hormone, somatotropin)

Lactogenic hormone (prolactin, luteotropic hormone)

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH, thyrotropin)

Gonadotropic hormones (gonadotropins)

Lipotropic hormones (LPH, lipotropins)

Parathyroid hormones (parathormone)

Parathyroid Hormones (Parathormone)

Thyroid Hormones

Pancreatic Hormones

Insulin

Glucagon

Adrenal Hormones

Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla

Adrenal hormones

Hormones of the adrenal cortex

Adrenal Hormones

Chemical structure, biosynthesis, and biological action of corticosteroids

Sex Hormones

Female Sex Hormones

Male Sex Hormones

Prostaglandins

Thymus hormones

Molecular Mechanisms of Hormonal Signal Transduction

Molecular mechanisms of hormonal signal transduction

Adenylate cyclase messenger system

Guanylyl cyclase messenger system

Ca2+-messenger system

Biomembranes and Bioenergetics

Basic Principles of Biomembrane Organization

Bioenergetics

Free Radical Generation in the Cell

Membrane Mechanisms of Metabolic Regulation

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates

Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation

Glycogen Synthesis (Glycogenesis)

Glycogen Breakdown (Glycogenolysis)

Glycolysis

Alcoholic Fermentation

Incorporation of Other Carbohydrates into the Glycolytic Pathway

Gluconeogenesis

Aerobic Metabolism of Pyruvate

Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvic Acid

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

Pasteur Effect

Pentose Phosphate Pathway of Carbohydrate Oxidation

Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Lipid Metabolism

The Role of Lipids in Nutrition

Digestion and Absorption of Lipids

Adipose tissue and its role in lipid metabolism

Fatty Acid Oxidation

Oxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Oxidation of Fatty Acids with an Odd Number of Carbon Atoms

Ketone Body Metabolism

Biosynthesis of Saturated Fatty Acids

Essential Fatty Acids

Eicosanoids

Biosynthesis of Triglycerides

Phospholipid Metabolism

Degradation and Turnover of Phospholipids

Cholesterol Biosynthesis

Regulation of Lipid Metabolism

Disorders of Lipid Metabolism

Liposomes

Metabolism of Simple Proteins

Dynamic State of Body Proteins

Factors Determining the State of Protein Metabolism

Dietary Protein Requirements

Biological Value of Proteins

Reserve Proteins

Parenteral Protein Nutrition

Protein Digestion

Endopeptidases

Protein Digestion in the Stomach

Protein Digestion in the Intestine

Absorption of Protein Breakdown Products

Transformations of Amino Acids under the Action of Intestinal Microflora

Absorption of Protein Digestion Products

Fate of Absorbed Amino Acids

Absorption of Protein Breakdown Products

Transport of Amino Acids Across Cell Membranes

Intermediate Metabolism of Amino Acids in Tissues

General Pathways of Amino Acid Metabolism

Intermediary Metabolism of Amino Acids in Tissues

Deamination of Amino Acids

Transamination of Amino Acids

Intermediate Metabolism of Amino Acids in Tissues

Decarboxylation of Amino Acids

Detoxification of Ammonia in the Body

Ornithine Urea Cycle

Specific Pathways of Metabolism for Certain Amino Acids

Metabolism of Glycine and Serine

Specific Metabolic Pathways of Certain Amino Acids

Metabolism of Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids

Specific Pathways of Metabolism of Certain Amino Acids

Metabolism of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine

Specific Pathways of Metabolism for Certain Amino Acids

Tryptophan Metabolism

Metabolism of Branched-Chain Amino Acids

Specific Pathways of Amino Acid Metabolism

Metabolism of Dicarboxylic Amino Acids

Pathology of Nitrogen Metabolism

Metabolism of Conjugated Proteins

Nucleic Acid Metabolism

Metabolism of Complex Proteins

Biosynthesis of Purine Nucleotides

Biosynthesis of Pyrimidine Nucleotides

Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids

Metabolism of Conjugated Proteins

Degradation of Nucleic Acids

Catabolism of Purine Nucleosides

Metabolism of Complex Proteins

Catabolism of Pyrimidine Nucleosides

Chromoprotein Metabolism

Biosynthesis of Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin Breakdown in Tissues (Formation of Bile Pigments)

Protein Biosynthesis

Translation and General Requirements for Protein Synthesis in a Cell-Free System

Translation and general requirements for protein synthesis in a cell-free system

Ribosomes

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

Transfer RNAs

Translation and General Requirements for Protein Synthesis in a Cell-Free System

Messenger RNA

Translation and general requirements for cell-free protein synthesis

The nature of the genetic code

Stages of Protein Synthesis

Amino Acid Activation

Translation Processes

Transport of synthesized proteins across membranes

Synthesis of Mitochondrial Proteins

Post-translational Modification of Proteins

Regulation of Protein Synthesis

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors

Interrelationship of metabolic processes in the body

Liver

Chemical Composition of the Liver

The Role of the Liver in Carbohydrate Metabolism

The Role of the Liver in Lipid Metabolism

The Role of the Liver in Protein Metabolism

Detoxification of Various Substances in the Liver

The Role of the Liver in Pigment Metabolism

Bile

Blood

Chemical Composition of Blood

Blood Plasma Proteins

Non-protein Nitrogenous Components of Blood

Non-nitrogenous Organic Components of Blood

Electrolyte Composition of Blood Plasma

Blood Cells

Blood buffer systems and acid-base balance

Blood Buffer Systems and Acid-Base Balance

Blood Buffer Systems

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

Respiratory Function of Blood

Oxygen Transport by Blood

Various Forms of Hypoxia

Transport of Carbon Dioxide by Blood from Tissues to the Lungs

Blood Coagulation System

Current Concepts of Blood Coagulation

Anticoagulant Blood System

Fibrinolysis

Kidneys and Urine

Structural features of the kidneys

The Mechanism of Urine Formation

The role of the kidneys in maintaining acid-base balance

Certain features of metabolism in renal tissue in health and disease

General Properties and Constituents of Urine

General Properties of Urine

Chemical Composition of Urine

Pathological Components of Urine

Nervous Tissue

Neuron Structure

Myelin Structure

Nerve Tissue

Chemical Composition of the Brain

Proteins

Nervous Tissue

Lipids

Carbohydrates

Adenine Nucleotides and Creatine Phosphate

Mineral Substances

Metabolic Features of Nervous Tissue

Respiration

Nervous tissue

Metabolic features of nervous tissue

Carbohydrate metabolism

Nervous Tissue

Metabolic Features of Nervous Tissue

Metabolism of Labile Phosphates (Macroergs)

Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism

Features of Nervous Tissue Metabolism

Lipid Metabolism

Chemical Basis of the Generation and Conduction of Nerve Impulses

The Role of Neurotransmitters in the Transmission of Nerve Impulses

Mechanisms of Memory

Peptides and Pain Responses

Nervous tissue

Cerebrospinal fluid

Muscle Tissue

Morphological Organization of Striated Muscle

Chemical composition of striated muscle

Chemical Composition of Striated Muscle

Muscle Proteins

Non-protein Nitrogenous Extractives

Muscle tissue

Chemical composition of striated muscle

Nitrogen-free substances

Muscle Tissue

Certain features of the chemical composition of the myocardium and smooth muscle

Changes in the chemical composition of muscle tissue during ontogenesis

Functional Biochemistry of Muscles

Energy Sources for Muscle Activity

Mechanism of Muscle Contraction

Biochemical Changes in Muscles in Pathology

Connective Tissue

Extracellular Organic Matrix of Connective Tissue

Collagen

Intercellular Organic Matrix of Connective Tissue

Elastin

Proteoglycans

Biochemical alterations in connective tissue during aging and certain pathological processes

Bone Tissue

Bone tissue

Chemical composition of bone tissue

Bone Tissue

Bone Formation

Factors influencing bone tissue metabolism

Main Groups of Bone Diseases

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