BIOLOGY Volume 3 - A Guide to General Biology - 2004
20. EXCRETION AND OSMOREGULATION
20.1. The Importance of Excretion and Osmoregulation
20.2. Nitrogenous Excretory Products and the Environment
20.3. Nitrogen Excretion and Osmoregulation in Selected Animals
20.3.1. Environmental Influences on Osmoregulation
20.3.5. General Principles of Water Balance
20.4. Urea Production in Humans
20.5. The Human Kidney
20.5.1. Location and Structure of the Kidneys
20.5.2. General Plan of Structure and Blood Supply of the Nephron
20.5.5. Selective Reabsorption in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule
20.5.7. Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting Duct
20.6. Osmoregulation, Antidiuretic Hormone, and the Production of Concentrated or Dilute Urine
20.7. Regulation of Blood Sodium Ion Levels
20.9. Kidney Diseases and Their Treatment
20.9.4. Kidney transplantation
20.10. Water conservation in plants and algae
21. REPRODUCTION
21.1. Asexual reproduction
21.1.1. Kingdom Prokaryotae (bacteria) and Kingdom Protoctista
21.2. Advantages and disadvantages of natural asexual reproduction
21.3. Artificial plant propagation - cloning
21.5. Sexual reproduction in flowering plants
21.5.1. Life cycle of flowering plants
21.5.3. Development of pollen grains
21.5.4. Development of the ovule
21.5.7. Seed and fruit development
21.5.8. Advantages and disadvantages of seed reproduction
21.6. Overview of sexual reproduction in vertebrates
21.7. Human reproductive systems
21.7.1. Male reproductive system
21.7.2. Female reproductive system
21.7.4. Spermatogenesis – sperm development
21.7.5. Oogenesis – egg cell development
21.7.6. Hormonal regulation of oogenesis and the menstrual cycle
321.8. Human sexual reproduction
21.8.2. Sperm transport to the egg
21.8.4. Effects of fertilization
21.8.6. Early stages of embryonic development and extraembryonic membranes
21.8.7. Embryonic and fetal development
21.8.9. Exchange of substances between mother and fetus
21.8.10. Harmful substances capable of crossing the placenta
21.8.11. Sex determination in the developing embryo
21.9. Human intervention in reproduction
21.9.1. Contraception and birth control
22. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
22.4. Growth and development in flowering plants
22.4.6. Lateral meristems and secondary growth
22.5. The role of hormones in human growth and development
23. CONTINUITY OF LIFE
23.6. DNA
23.6.1. Evidence pointing to the role of DNA in heredity
23.9. Regulation of gene expression
24. VARIATION AND GENETICS
24.1. Mendel's experiments
24.1.1. Monohybrid inheritance and the law of segregation
24.1.3. Inheritance in dihybrid crosses and the law of independent assortment
24.1.4. Summary of Mendel's hypothesis
24.2. Chromosomal theory of inheritance
24.2.1. Chromosome behavior as the basis for independent assortment
24.3. Linkage
24.3.1. Crossing over and recombination frequency
24.5. Linkage groups and chromosomes
24.6. Sex determination
24.6.1. Sex-linked inheritance
24.7. Gene interactions
25. APPLIED GENETICS
25.1. Bacterial genetic engineering
25.1.2. Step 1. Obtaining a copy of the target gene
25.1.3. Step 2. Inserting genes into a vector
25.1.4. Step 3. Introduction of the vector into a host cell
25.1.6. Selection of bacteria containing the target gene
25.2. Applications of bacteria produced by genetic engineering techniques
25.3. Genetic engineering of eukaryotic systems
25.5. Transgenic animals
25.5.1. Introduction of new genes into animal organisms
25.5.2. Medical protein products derived from milk
25.6. Benefits and risks: ethical and social issues in genetic engineering
25.7. Human genetics
25.7.1. Scope of human genetics
25.7.9. Genetic screening and prenatal diagnosis
25.7.12. Genetic fingerprinting and genotyping
25.7.13. Transplant surgery and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
26. EVOLUTION, OR THE HISTORY OF LIFE ON EARTH
26.1. Theories of the origin of life
26.1.2. Spontaneous generation
26.2. The nature of the first organisms
26.3. General conclusions regarding "theories" on the origin of life
26.4. The theory of evolution
26.4.2. Darwin, Wallace, and the origin of species by natural selection
26.6. Modern concepts of evolution
26.7. Evidence for evolution
26.7.2. Geographical distribution
26.7.4. Plant and animal breeding
26.7.7. Comparative embryology
26.7.8. Comparative biochemistry
26.8. Human evolution
27. MECHANISMS OF SPECIATION
27.1. Population genetics
27.1.4. Hardy-Weinberg equation
27.1.5. Implications of the Hardy-Weinberg equation
27.2. Factors causing changes in populations
27.8. Intraspecific speciation
27.9. Interspecific hybridization
APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Biological chemistry
Appendix 2. Biological methods