ATLAS OF HUMAN ANATOMY - G.L. Bilich - 2014

REVIEW AND SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

Vertebral Column and THORACIC Skeleton

1. What anatomical structures are referred to as the rigid skeleton versus the soft skeleton?

2. What are the structural differences between hyaline Cartilage and fibrocartilage?

3. What is an osteon? How is it structured?

4. What are the primary criteria used to classify bones?

5. What structural factors ensure bone strength and mechanical properties?

6. What developmental stages do skeletal bones undergo? Do all bones develop in the same manner?

7. List the mechanisms of Bone Formation (ossification).

8. What distinct anatomical parts make up a vertebra?

9. How do the first (I) and second (II) cervical vertebrae differ from the remaining ones?

10. State the distinguishing Features of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae, as well as the sacrum.

11. How do the first (I), tenth (X), and eleventh (XI) Ribs differ from the other ribs?

12. How many articular facets (notches) are located on the lateral margins of the Sternum? What is their functional purpose?

Skull

1. Which bones and how many of them comprise the neurocranium? With which bones does each cranial bone articulate?

2. Which bones and how many of them comprise the viscerocranium (facial skeleton)? With which bones does each facial bone articulate?

3. What is the Water/140.html">Anatomical Structure of the Occipital bone? What parts does it consist of?

4. Describe The structure of the Frontal bone.

5. What canals are located within the Temporal bone? What neurovascular structures pass through these canals?

6. What is the STRUCTURE OF THE Ethmoid bone?

7. From what Perspectives is the intact skull analyzed? List the standard views (normae) of the skull.

8. What cranial fossae are distinguished on the internal cranial base? What anatomical structures lie within them?

9. What are the KEY FEATURES OF the external cranial base?

10. Describe the main craniometric points.

11. What is the vertical norma?

12. What is the lateral norma, and what are its anatomical structures (temporal, infratemporal, and pterygopalatine fossae, zygomatic arch)?

13. What is the facial norma?

14. What openings are present on the external Base of the skull? What are the Functions of these openings?

15. What openings are present on the internal base of the skull? What are the functions of these openings?

16. Describe the structure of the Orbit.

17. Which bones form the medial wall of the orbit? What openings are located within it? Where do they lead, and what structures pass through them?

18. Which cranial bones and through which of their parts contribute to The formation of the Nasal cavity walls?

19. What Paranasal Sinuses of human pneumatic bones do you know? Where are they located? Into which nasal meatuses do these sinuses open?

20. Which bones bound the fontanelles of a newborn's skull? At what age does each fontanelle close?

21. What periods are distinguished in the Postnatal development of the human skull? What are the Characteristic Features of each period?

22. What HEAD shapes do you know? What are the differences between these skull shapes?

23. What Structural Features of the human skull are associated with an upright posture and bipedalism?

BONES OF THE LIMBS

1. Provide a comparative Description of the bones of the upper and lower limbs in relation to their different functions in humans.

2. Name the bones of the Pectoral Girdle and the free upper limb. Determine the shape of each bone (According to the established Classification).

3. Name the most prominent PARTS OF THE upper limb bones: processes, crests, tubercles, and tuberosities.

4. Name the articular surfaces on the bones of the upper limb. What is the purpose of each articular surface?

5. How many bones make up the hand?

6. What is the name of each carpal bone?

7. Name the bones of the Pelvic Girdle and the free lower limb. Determine the shape of each bone (according to the established classification).

8. Name the prominences (tuberosities, lines) on the hip bone, Femur, and leg bones that serve as sites of origin or insertion for Muscles.

9. Name the articular surfaces on the bones of the lower limb. What is the purpose of each articular surface?

10. How many bones make up the FOOT?

11. What are the names of each of the Tarsal Bones?

12. At what age does the fusion of the pelvic bones into a single hip bone complete?

13. Do all bones of the upper and lower extremities pass through a cartilaginous stage in their development?

Bone Articulations

1. What are the main groups of bone joints distinguished in anatomy?

2. Provide anatomical and functional characteristics for each type of bone connection.

3. Name the mandatory Structural components of every synovial joint.

4. What is the functional role of articular Lips, discs, and menisci?

5. What three zones are distinguished in articular cartilage?

6. What functions do articular ligaments perform?

7. Name the TYPES OF JOINTS classified according to the shapes of their articular surfaces.

8. What causes the decrease in joint mobility as a person ages?

9. What types of connections between vertebrae do you know? How are they structured across different regions of THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN?

10. What connections exist between The Skull and the vertebral column?

11. What curves are present in the vertebral column? At what age and why do they develop?

12. Around which axes can Movements of the vertebral column occur?

13. How are the joints connecting the ribs to the vertebrae structured?

14. What shapes of The thoracic cage are distinguished?

15. Which bones articulate with the clavicle and scapula? What ligaments reinforce these joints?

16. What structural features of the shoulder joint allow for a wide range of diverse movements?

17. The formation of which joints involves both the radius and the ulna?

18. Which bones participate in forming the wrist (radiocarpal) joint? What ligaments reinforce this joint?

19. What structural features of the hand joints enable the opposition of the thumb to the other fingers?

20. What features distinguish the male pelvis from the female pelvis?

21. Name the ligaments of the hip joint, their sites of origin and insertion, and their functions.

22. Which ligaments reinforce the knee joint? Where are they located and how do they affect movement in this joint?

23. What arches of the foot do you know? What structures serve as passive and active braces for these arches?

MUSCLES. GENERAL QUESTIONS

1. Describe the structure of a Muscle fiber. Name its constituent elements.

2. What are the component parts of a Skeletal Muscle?

3. What muscle classifications exist? What is The basis of each classification?

4. What structures comprise the Accessory apparatus of a muscle?

5. Outline the classification of fasciae.

6. What types of levers exist from a biomechanical perspective?

7. What factors determine muscle strength? Explain The concepts of anatomical cross-section and physiological cross-section of a muscle.

8. What types of work do muscles perform?

9. From which embryonic primordia do the Muscles of the Trunk and limbs develop?

MUSCLES AND FASCIAE of the Head

1. Into which groups are the muscles of the head subdivided?

2. From which embryonic primordia do the head muscles develop?

3. Indicate the Anatomical Features of facial muscles (mimic muscles) that distinguish them from other muscles.

4. Into which groups are facial muscles subdivided?

5. From which embryonic structures do the facial muscles develop?

6. Describe the orientation of facial muscles relative to the natural orifices of the head.

What is the Functional Significance of this orientation?

7. What do you know about the Fasciae of the facial muscles?

8. Explain which anatomical features account for the formation of scalp avulsion injuries in the Hair-bearing area of the head.

9. What is the basis of human facial expression? Provide Examples.

10. List the Muscles of Mastication. How do they differ from facial muscles?

11. What is the function of the masticatory muscles?

12. How many layers does the temporal fascia have, and what are they?

13. List the fascial spaces of the head. What anatomical structures are located within these spaces?

Muscles and fasciae of the neck

1. How are the Neck Muscles classified according to their origin? Which muscles are derivatives of the mesenchyme of the 1st and 2nd visceral arches, the branchial arches, and the ventral segments of the myotomes?

2. Name the SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES OF the neck. Do you know their functions?

3. List the Deep Muscles of the Neck and determine their functions.

4. How many layers does the Cervical fascia have, and which muscles do they form sheaths for?

5. Describe the five layers of the cervical fascia according to V.N. Shevkunenko.

6. What anatomical formations are located between the Skin and the Trachea above the jugular notch of the sternum?

7. Name the Interfascial spaces of the neck. Where are they located, and into which parts of the thoracic cavity do they extend?

8. Name the Triangles of the anterior and lateral Regions of the neck and the structures that form them.

MUSCLES AND FASCIAE OF THE BACK

1. How are the back muscles classified according to their origin and depth?

2. What parts are distinguished in the erector spinae muscle?

3. Name the BOUNDARIES OF THE lumbar triangle.

4. Which back muscles elevate the ribs, and which depress them?

5. What is the function of the suboccipital muscles?

6. Name the fasciae of the back and describe their Location (topography).

7. Which muscles perform flexion, extension, and lateral bending of the trunk?

MUSCLES AND FASCIAE OF THE CHEST

1. What is the Classification of the chest muscles? List the muscles belonging to each classification group.

2. Name the sites of origin and insertion of each chest muscle you know, and describe their functions.

3. What is the difference (in Structure and function) between the external and internal intercostal muscles?

4. Name the parts of the Diaphragm; where (on which bones) do these parts originate?

5. Indicate the "weak spots" of the diaphragm where diaphragmatic hernias may form.

6. List the muscles that elevate the ribs and expand the thoracic cavity.

7. List the muscles involved in expiration (exhalation).

8. Which muscles are responsible for forced inspiration and expiration?

9. Describe the anatomy and Topography of the thoracic fascia.

10. Which part of the thoracic fascia is referred to as the clavipectoral fascia, and where is it located?

MUSCLES AND FASCIAE OF THE ABDOMEN

1. Name the muscles that form the abdominal wall (abdominal press) and describe their functions.

2. Name the structures that form the Linea Alba of the abdomen.

3. Describe the structure of the anterior and posterior walls of the rectus abdominis sheath along its entire length.

4. Name the abdominal fasciae and describe their locations.

5. Identify the "weak spots" in the anterior, posterior, and lateral walls of the Abdominal cavity.

6. Explain the functional significance and presence of the tendinous intersections ( tendinous inscriptions) of the rectus abdominis muscle.

7. Explain the functional Significance of the distinct, mutually opposing orientation of the muscle fiber bundles of the external and internal oblique Abdominal muscles.

8. Describe the locations of pronounced fascial spaces within the abdominal walls and explain their clinical and practical significance.

9. What is the structure of the Inguinal Canal? Describe its superficial and deep rings.

MUSCLES AND FASCIAE OF THE Perineum

1. What is the perineum, and what structures form it?

2. What regions (parts) are distinguished in the perineum? Name their boundaries and the borders between them.

3. List the deep and superficial muscles of the perineum, and specify their sites of origin and insertion.

4. Name the fasciae of the pelvic diaphragm and the urogenital diaphragm.

5. Which perineal muscles are involved in the erection of the Penis and Clitoris?

6. Where is the ischioanal (ischiorectal) fossa located? Describe its walls.

Muscles and fasciae of the upper limb

1. Into what groups are the Muscles of the Upper Limb classified according to their location, function, and development?

2. Which muscles abduct the arm at the shoulder joint? Which muscles adduct it?

3. Name the supinator and pronator muscles.

4. The tendons of which extensor muscles pass through the synovial sheaths on the dorsal aspect of the wrist?

5. Describe the synovial tendon sheaths of the flexor aspect of the hand.

6. Describe the lumbrical and interosseous Muscles of the hand, including their origin, insertion, and function.

7. Name the fasciae of the upper limb.

8. List the movements performed by the individual segments of the upper limb. Name the Muscles responsible for each movement.

Muscles and Fasciae of the Lower Limb

1. What groups are the Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle divided into?

2. Name the muscle groups of the thigh and leg.

3. What movements does each muscle of the free lower limb perform? Which joint(s) does it act upon during these movements?

4. Which muscles comprise the middle group of foot muscles?

5. How many layers does the fascia lata (deep Fascia of the thigh) have? What are these layers called?

6. Describe the structure of the muscular and vascular lacunae. What structures pass through them?

7. How many retinacula of muscle tendons are located in the ankle region? What are these retinacula called and which tendons do they hold in place?

8. List the synovial sheaths of the extensor and flexor tendons of the foot.