Human Anatomy Part 1 - K. A. Dyubenko, A. K. Kolomiysev, Y. B. Chaykovsky 2002

Special Part
Myology, myologia [the study of muscles] - Muscles and fasciae of the neck
Triangles of the neck

The midline, drawn from the chin to the jugular notch, divides the anterior region of the neck into right and left parts, which are subdivided into the anterior cervical triangle and the posterior cervical triangle (Fig. 147).

The anterior cervical triangle, trigonum cervicale anterius, is a paired Structure located in the anterior region of the neck. It is bounded by the inferior margin of the Mandible, the anterior border of the m. sternocleidomastoideus, and the midline of the neck. The superior belly of the m. omohyoideus divides it into several smaller triangles.

1. Carotid triangle, trigonum caroticum — bounded by the posterior belly of the m. digastricus, the superior belly of the m. omohyoideus, and the anterior border of the m. sternocleidomastoideus. It contains the common carotid artery, which here bifurcates into the external and internal carotid Arteries, as well as the Internal jugular vein and the Vagus nerve. Ligation of the External Carotid Artery is performed within this triangle to prevent Hemorrhage during surgical interventions on the face and Tongue (B. V. Ognev, V. H. Frautschi, 1960).

2. Omotracheal triangle, trigonum omotracheale — bounded by the superior belly of the m. omohyoideus, the anteroinferior border of the m. sternocleidomastoideus, and the midline of the neck. Vital Organs are located within this triangle: the Larynx, Trachea, Thyroid Gland, carotid artery, and jugular vein. Surgical interventions (tracheotomy, strumectomy, laryngectomy, and ligation of the common carotid artery and internal jugular vein) are performed here.

3. Submandibular triangle, trigonum submandibulare (fossa submandibularis) — bounded by the anterior and posterior bellies of the m. digastricus and the inferior margin of the mandible. It contains the Cytology/practical/98.html">Submandibular salivary gland and transmits the facial artery and vein, along with the lingual and hypoglossal nerves. Within this triangle, incisions are made for Phlegmon of the floor of the Mouth, submandibular Salivary Glands are excised for neoplasms, and Lymph Nodes are extirpated in cases of tongue and lip Cancer (B. V. Ognev, V. H. Frautschi, 1960).

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Fig. 147. Triangles of the neck (diagram)

4. Pirogov's triangle, trigonum Pirogowi (lingual triangle, trigonum linguale) — located within the submandibular triangle. It is bounded inferiorly by the tendon (posterior belly) of the m. digastricus, anteriorly by the posterior border of the m. mylohyoideus, and superiorly by a segment of the Hypoglossal nerve. The lingual vein and artery are projected within its boundaries, which must be considered in clinical practice. Access to the lingual artery is achieved in this triangle by incising the fibers of the hyoglossus Muscle, which run in an oblique-longitudinal direction.

The posterior cervical triangle, trigonum cervicale posterius, is a paired structure situated between the posterior border of the m. sternocleidomastoideus, the anterior border of the trapezius muscle, and the clavicle. The inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle divides it into smaller triangles.

1. Omoclavicular triangle, trigonum omoclaviculare — formed anteriorly by the posterior border of the m. sternocleidomastoideus, inferiorly by the clavicle, and posteriorly by the inferior belly of the m. omohyoideus. It transmits the External Jugular Vein, suprascapular artery and vein, Thoracic duct on the left, and Right lymphatic duct on the right. Supraclavicular ligation of the Subclavian Artery and vein is performed in this triangle, as well as Brachial Plexus anesthesia for upper extremity surgeries (B. V. Ognev, V. H. Frautschi, 1960).

2. Omotrapezoid triangle, trigonum omotrapezoideum — bounded posteriorly by the m. trapezius, anteriorly by the posterior border of the m. sternocleidomastoideus, and inferiorly by the inferior belly of the m. omohyoideus. It transmits the subclavian artery and its branches, superficial cervical artery and transverse cervical artery, Accessory nerve (n. accessorius), three long trunks and Short Branches of the brachial plexus, and cutaneous Branches of the Cervical plexus.

3. Retromandibular fossa, fossa retromandibularis — bounded posteriorly by the mastoid process and m. sternocleidomastoideus, superiorly by the external acoustic meatus, anteriorly by the posterior border of the ramus mandibulae, and medially by the styloid process and Muscles originating from it (mm. stylohyoideus, styloglossus, stylopharyngeus). The retromandibular fossa is filled with the posterior part of the parotid gland, the facial and auriculotemporal nerves, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein (v. retromandibularis). In the neck, between the scalene muscles, There are two triangular spaces: the interscalene and antescalene spaces:

1) interscalene space, spatium interscalenum — bounded by the anterior and middle scalene muscles, and inferiorly by the first rib. It transmits the subclavian artery and the brachial plexus;

2) antescalene space, spatium antescalenum — located between the anterior scalene muscle posteriorly and the sternothyroid and sternohyoid muscles anteriorly. It transmits the subclavian vein, suprascapular artery, and phrenic nerve.