MEDICAL BOTANY - A.G. Serbin - 2003

SECTION 1. ANATOMY

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Introduction

1. State the Goals and Objectives of medical botany.

2. How does medical botany relate to professionally oriented disciplines?

3. How are the knowledge and skills in medical botany applied in the practical activities of a pharmacist, clinical pharmacist, and cosmetic pharmacist?

4. Name and describe the main branches of botany.

5. Describe The Significance of PLANTS AND THEIR position in The system of living organisms.

6. What characteristics are inherent in living organisms? What are the Specific features of their manifestation in plants?

Plant Cell

1. Provide a modern Definition of the cell. What is the difference between prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells?

2. Who laid the foundations of Cell Theory? What are its main tenets?

3. WHAT IS A protoplast, and what does it consist of?

4. What are the Structure, chemical composition, and physical and biological Properties of the Cytoplasm?

5. Describe the structure, chemical composition, and Functions of the Nucleus.

6. What serves as the carrier of heredity in PLANT AND ANIMAL cells?

7. Name the types and varieties of Plastids and their significance.

8. What are the specific structural features, composition, and functions of METABOLISM/14.html">Chloroplasts?

9. What is the Practical Application of plastid pigments?

10. What is the biological interrelationship of plastids? Give Examples of interconversions of plastids.

11. What are the structure, chemical composition, and functions of Mitochondria?

12. What are the structural and compositional features of Ribosomes, and what are their functions?

13. Where are proribosomes, ribosomes, and polyribosomes localized within The Cell?

14. Name the endomembrane structures of the cytoplasm.

15. What are the structural and Functional differences between rough and smooth Endoplasmic reticulum?

16. What membrane structures make up the Golgi apparatus, and what is its role in a plant cell?

17. Which protoplast components are involved in The formation of The Cell wall?

18. Describe the sequence and essence of the processes of cell wall appearance, growth, and thickening.

19. What is The chemical composition of the Primary and secondary cell walls?

20. The appearance of which substances in cell walls causes secondary changes? What are these changes called, and what properties does the wall acquire?

21. What are cell wall pits, what types do they include, and what is their function?

22. Provide examples of pit types in the cell walls of mechanical and Vascular Tissues.

23. Give examples of internal and external wall thickenings used as systematic and diagnostic features.

24. Into which groups are cell inclusions divided according to their physicochemical properties and role?

25. Specify the reserve substances of the cell and their energy value.

26. What types of starch exist in plants, and what are their differences and functions?

27. In what form and where in the cell is starch reserved?

28. What is The structure of starch grains, and what is their diagnostic significance?

29. What is the Chemical Nature of inulin, and where and in what form does it accumulate in the cell? What qualitative reactions can be used to detect it?

30. What reserve polysaccharide and in what state do fungal cells accumulate?

31. In what form and where in the cell are simple Proteins stored?

32. How do complex aleurone grains differ from simple ones?

33. In what form and where are reserve Lipids stored in the cell?

34. What is the basis for the Diagnostic significance of structured cell inclusions?

35. Provide qualitative microreactions for reserve inclusions.

36. How are mature vacuoles of plant cells formed, and what do they look like? What is their function?

37. Characterize the Chemical composition of cell sap.

38. List the groups of biologically active compounds used in medicine.

Plant tissues

1. Define the term “true tissue”.

2. What are “false tissues”? Which groups of organisms do they occur in?

3. What morphological types are tissues divided into?

4. Specify the tissues that perform a protective function.

5. Which tissues ensure metabolism?

6. Characterize meristematic tissues and indicate their localization in plant Organs.

7. What causes the high Abundance of ribosomes in meristematic cells?

8. Define the primary protective tissue—the epidermis.

9. What histological elements does the epidermis consist of?

10. What are the Structural Features of basic epidermal cells?

11. Which diagnostic Features of the epidermis can indicate whether a plant belongs to monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous angiosperms?

12. Describe the STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS of the stomatal apparatus.

13. Name the types of stomatal complexes in seed plants.

14. Provide Definitions, Classification groups of trichomes, and examples of medicinal plants that have pubescence.

15. Define The concepts of “periderm” and “bark” (rhytidome). What are the specific features of their structure?

16. What is the Structure and Functional principle of lenticels?

17. What is the difference between scaly and ring bark?

18. Provide a classification and characterization of Secretory Tissues.

19. Name the structures that provide external and internal secretion.

20. What function do nectaries and osmophores perform, and where are they located?

21. What is The process of guttation?

22. What is the fundamental difference between lysigenous and schizogenous cavities?

23. How are laticifers classified based on their structure and formation?

24. What is the structural peculiarity of mechanical (sclerenchymatous and collenchymatous) tissue cells?

25. Define collenchyma, and specify and characterize the differences between its types.

26. What is the fundamental difference between sclerenchyma and collenchyma?

27. What are the Characteristic Features of sclereids, and in which plant organs and parts are they most commonly found?

28. Describe wood fibers and bast fibers. Highlight their economic significance.

29. Where are cortical and perivascular fibers located?

30. Characterize the two opposite flows of substances (ascending and descending) in plants.

31. What types of vessels do you know?

32. What are tracheids?

33. What function do companion cells perform?

34. Define xylem and phloem. Name the elements that make up these complex tissues.

35. Name the types of vascular bundles. Which of them are characteristic of monocots?

36. List the groups of fundamental tissues, along with their features and functions.

Vegetative Organs

ROOT

1. Which plant groups possess roots? What functions do roots perform?

2. What zones is the root divided into? Describe them.

3. Name the tissues and their systems in the Primary Structure of the root.

4. What function does the epiblema perform?

5. Describe the COMPOSITION OF THE primary cortex: exodermis, mesodermis, and endodermis.

6. Based on what features of the Water/123.html">Primary Anatomical Structure of the root can a plant be identified as a monocot or a dicot?

7. The appearance of which tissue determines the Secondary anatomical structure of the root?

8. What is the difference between the root structure of woody plants and herbaceous plants?

9. Characterize the Anatomical Features of monocambial and polycambial root crops.

Stem

1. Name the anatomical diagnostic features of the stem that can be used to identify an herbaceous plant as a monocot.

2. Using the stem of rye as an example, describe the specific Anatomical structure of the cereal culm.

3. Describe the characteristic features of monocot rhizomes.

4. Characterize The sequence of anatomical structure formation in dicot stems.

5. Describe the types of anatomical structure in herbaceous dicot stems.

6. What are the Similarities and differences in the anatomical structure of dicot rhizomes compared to their stems and roots?

7. What are the differences in the non-bundle stem structure between herbaceous and woody dicots?

8. Name the distinctive structural features of woody dicot and conifer stems.

Leaf

1. What types of leaf anatomical structure do you know? How do they differ?

2. What is the Structure and function of leaf Veins?

3. What anatomical features of a leaf can be used to determine a plant's ecological group: hydro-, hygro-, meso-, or xerophytes?

4. List the main anatomical features of the leaf used in the microscopic Diagnosis and identification of plants or plant raw Materials.