Human Anatomy Part 1 - K. A. Dyubenko, A. K. Kolomiyytsev, Y. B. Chaykovsky 2002

General Part
Historical Outline
Anatomical Schools in Ukraine — The Kyiv Anatomical School

The Department of Anatomy was established in 1841 when the Faculty of Medicine was opened at St. Vladimir Kyiv University. The first HEAD of the Department of Physiological Anatomy with Micrography at St. Vladimir Kyiv University was Professor M. I. Kozlov, a student of N. I. Pirogov, who led it from 1841 to 1844.

From 1844 to 1868, the Department of Anatomy was headed by Professor O. P. Valter (1817–1889), a student of N. I. Pirogov and the embryologist K. M. Baer. He was a reformer in anatomical education and authored the textbook Course of Human Body Anatomy for Students (1852). In 1872, he published the textbook Course of Practical and Applied Human Body Anatomy, which was awarded the P. A. Zagorsky Prize. O. P. Valter worked at the university for 30 years and, In addition to the main anatomy course, delivered lectures on physiology, surgery, and The history of medicine. In 1853, through the efforts of Professor O. P. Valter, an anatomical theater was built in Kyiv, designed by the architect A. V. Beretti. It was a true palace of science, one of the finest in Europe at the time (this building now houses the Museum of Medicine History of Ukraine). O. P. Valter gained widespread recognition for his works On The Significance of Sympathetic Pathways Mixed with the Sciatic Nerve (1843), in which he first demonstrated METABOLISM/18.html">The Influence of sympathetic nerves on Blood vessel lumen, and his microscopic study On The Mechanism of Hair Entanglement in Plica Polonica (1845) (doctoral dissertation). O. P. Valter turned the department of Kyiv University into a model scientific institution. Thanks to O. P. Valter, and largely at his own expense, the medical journal Sovremennaya Meditsina (1860–1880) began publication in Ukraine.

A immense contribution to The Development of anatomy was made by O. P. Valter's student, Professor V. O. Betz (1834–1894) of Kyiv University, who was born in the village of Tatarovshchyna in the Chernihiv region. He received his secondary education at the Nizhyn and 2nd Kyiv Gymnasiums. After graduating with honors from the Faculty of Medicine of Kyiv University (1860), at the request of O. P. Valter, he was retained at the university as an assistant prosector in the department. In 1861, he was sent for studies to Vienna. V. O. Betz's doctoral dissertation, On the Mechanism of Blood Circulation in the Liver (Kyiv, 1863), focused on Structure/149.html">The problem of hepatic blood circulation and was based on physiological research. In 1864, a year before Henle, he discovered and described the chromaffin reaction of the Adrenal Glands, and in 1874, he discovered the large pyramidal Cells in the fifth layer of the motor cortex of the Brain (the so-called "giant Betz pyramidal cells").

His scholarly works include: Several Remarks on the Microscopic STRUCTURE OF THE Adrenal Glands (1869), A New Method for Studying the Human Central Nervous system (1870), On the Grouping of Convolutions in the Human Brain (1871), Atlas of Microscopic Anatomy of the Human Brain featuring 29 plates and 140 figures (1883), and Morphology of Osteogenesis: A Systematic Outline of the History of Development and Growth of Human Bones (1887). V. O. Betz left behind a valuable collection of 5,000 preparations of the human central nervous system. At the All-Russian Manufacturing Exhibition in St. Petersburg in 1870, this collection was awarded the Great Silver Medal, and at the World Exhibition in Vienna in 1873, it was valued at 300,000 florins and also received a Medal of Encouragement. V. O. Betz's unsurpassed works brought him worldwide fame. He was a full member of the Imperial Society of Devotees of Natural Science, a corresponding member of the Paris Anthropological Society, and an authorized member of the Leipzig Ethnographic Museum. V. O. Betz's work was highly praised abroad; for instance, in 1873, the renowned Viennese anatomist J. Hyrtl stated: "I can say that no anatomist has advanced the knowledge of brain structure as much as Mr. Betz has."

V. O. Betz's successor at the Department of Anatomy was Professor M. A. Tikhomirov (1848–1902), a student of Professor D. M. Zernov and a distinguished specialist in comparative anatomy and Embryology. M. A. Tikhomirov investigated variants and Anomalies of the human Vascular System, preparing 350 remarkable specimens on the Blood supply to the brain. His dissertation, Distribution and Interrelations of the Cerebral Arteries in Humans (1880), remains an unsurpassed study. M. A. Tikhomirov processed extensive material on vascular variations that has not lost its significance to this day. The core findings of his research were outlined in his monograph Variants of Arteries and Veins in The Human Body (1900).

Professor M. A. Tikhomirov's successor at the Department of Anatomy of Kyiv University was his student F. A. Stefanis (1865–1917), who headed the department from 1903 to 1917. He established a new direction in The Study of the Lymphatic vessels of the abdominal Organs and is considered a founder of national lymphology. F. A. Stefanis's doctoral dissertation, Lymphatic Vessels of the Human Stomach (1902), brought him widespread acclaim. He was the first to describe the lymphatic vessels of the peritoneal layer of The Stomach (1904). In his monograph Lymphatic Vessels of the Human Liver, he comprehensively described the Lymphatic vessels and nodes of the liver, demonstrated the pathways of Lymph outflow from the liver, and designed and applied a device for injecting lymphatic vessels.

In 1902, F. A. Stefanis's work On the Lymphatic Vessels of Human Kidneys was published. Among the important achievements of Kyiv anatomists of that era was the discovery by prosector M. Ya. Radetsky (1914) regarding The connection between the subarachnoid space of the BRAIN AND SPINAL cord and The Lymphatic system of the human body.

F. A. Stefanis was the founder of the educational museum at the Department of Anatomy. In May 1901, his work The Educational Museum at the Department of Descriptive Human Anatomy at St. Vladimir University was published, outlining his Vision for the museum's objectives. The scientist systematized and arranged the preparations on the second floor of the anatomical theater and personally prepared nearly two hundred new specimens for the exhibition, compiling their catalog.

Following F. A. Stefanis, the Department of Anatomy was headed (1917–1922) by Professor A. V. Starkov (1874–1927), who in 1918 was elected a full member of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. A. V. Starkov published notable works including Etiology and Pathological Anatomy of Muscular Torticollis (1900), Anatomy of the Rectum and Related Muscles (1912), and Anatomy of the Fascia and Cell Spaces of the Minor Pelvis: Spread of Abscesses. A Literary and Anatomical Study (1912). For the latter work, he was awarded the P. A. Zagorsky Prize. From 1923 to 1925, he headed the Department of Biology at the Ukrainian Pedagogical Institute (Prague), where he published the textbook General Biology (1924). In 1927, he was elected a member of the Ukrainian Scientific Institute in Berlin. From 1925 to 1927, he headed the Department of Normal Anatomy at the University of Latvia (Riga).

Kyiv professor-anatomists elevated anatomy to a high level and established the department as a center of anatomical thought in Ukraine. The creative traditions of the Kyiv anatomical school were continued by subsequent department heads F. O. Tseshivsky (1923–1924) and O. A. Ivakin (1924–1930).

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Kyiv Anatomical School

In 1930, the Academic Council of the Kyiv Medical Institute elected M. S. Spirov (1892–1973) as head of the department. He was awarded the title of professor in 1932 and the honorary title of Honored Worker of Science in 1943. M. S. Spirov's primary works focus on the interrenal system, Embryogenesis OF THE human Meninges, pathways of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID circulation, and The structure of the lymphatic system. Over the course of his scientific career, Professor M. S. Spirov published 94 works, including 5 monographs, trained 12 Doctors of Sciences and 35 Candidates of Sciences, and founded the Kyiv School of Lymphologists.

In the field of lymphatic system research, the department continued the work initiated by Professor F. A. Stefanis. During Professor M. S. Spirov's tenure as head, department staff accumulated extensive data and published 300 scientific papers. Notable contributions include studies on the structure of lymphatic capillary walls, the Cytology/cytology/67.html">Development and Structure of lymphatic vessel Valves (Assoc. Prof. O. A. Sushko); Certain Features of the Functional Anatomy OF the Lymphatic System (1966); research on the lymphatic vessels of abdominal organs and Lymph drainage pathways (Assoc. Prof. L. S. Bezpalova); and the lymphatic vessels of the serous membranes of the Diaphragm (Assoc. Prof. O. I. Svyrydov). O. I. Svyrydov is also the author of the textbooks Human Anatomy for the Medical and Prophylactic Faculty and Anatomical Atlas of Lymphatic Capillaries (1966). Of significant scientific interest are the studies on the lymphatic vessels and nodes of the anterior abdominal wall, lymphoid follicles in the walls of peritoneal lymphatic capillaries, and the endothelium of lymphatic vessels conducted by Associate Professor L. V. Chernyshenko. She authored 6 monographs, published 195 scientific papers, and was the first to describe previously unknown perivascular lymphoid nodules as novel structural units of The Immune System in the internal environment of humans and mammals.

From 1971 to 1978, the department was headed by Professor I. Ye. Kefeli (1920–1980), a student of Professor M. S. Spirov and Academician D. A. Zhdanov. He was a talented scientist, methodologist, artist, engaging lecturer, and a man of multifaceted abilities. Under his leadership, the educational process was restructured to adopt a functional approach, and the METHODOLOGICAL GUIDELINES FOR Practical Classes on The Musculoskeletal System were systematized and published. The department became a leading institution in Ukraine, serving as a base for advanced training courses for faculty from other higher education institutions. I. Ye. Kefeli published the Atlas of Human Anatomy Diagrams, which remains in high demand among students. His doctoral dissertation, Angioarchitectonics of the Human Spinal Cord (1966), received high praise from specialists. Under I. Ye. Kefeli's supervision, the department initiated a new research direction: the Study of the "Hemomicrocirculatory bed" of functionally diverse organs during the Prenatal period of ontogenesis. Professor I. Ye. Kefeli served as the executive editor of two collections of scientific papers: Issues in the Morphology of the Microcirculatory Bed (1974) and Certain Features of the Microcirculatory Bed of Functionally Diverse Organs (1977).

He supervised seven candidates of medical sciences in anatomy. I. Ye. Kefeli conceived the idea of publishing an Atlas of the Newborn, on which he began working, but his dreams were cut short when he passed away suddenly at the age of 61.

Among the talented anatomists of the Kyiv anatomical school, Associate Professor O. O. Sushko (1899–1978) stands out in particular; he worked at the department from 1926 to 1978. He was a dedicated researcher, an exceptional lecturer, and a profound expert on the lymphatic system. O. O. Sushko authored monographs such as Functional Anatomy of Intraorgan Uterine Veins (1956), Certain Features of the Functional Anatomy of the Lymphatic System (1966), and The Lymphatic System in Health and Disease (1973), co-authored with L. V. Chernyshenko. Anatomical preparations created by O. O. Sushko have been incorporated into national and international atlases and monographs. He was the first to articulate the view regarding the closed structural Nature of the lymphatic system; as a proponent of this theory, he demonstrated that, contrary to von Recklinghausen's findings, "Recklinghausen's juice canals" do not communicate with capillary lumens, and that under normal conditions, no direct connection exists between lymphatic and Blood Vessels, although such connections may occur under pathological conditions.

In the postwar years, the central nervous system was studied at the KMI Department of Anatomy by I. I. Chaikovska and M. P. Sukhetska. In 1956, Professor I. I. Chaikovska moved to Voroshilovgrad (now Luhansk), where she headed the Department of Anatomy at the Medical Institute for 28 years and established the Luhansk school of morphologists. I. I. Chaikovska's scientific achievement lay in elucidating the neuronal structure and blood supply of various PARTS OF THE brain in health, disease, and experimental models.

Currently, the Bogomolets National Medical University Department of Human Anatomy is headed by Honored Worker of Science of Ukraine, Professor I. I. Bobryk. Elected to this position in 1978, he continues the scientific traditions of the Kyiv anatomical school. I. I. Bobryk published the Atlas of Newborn Anatomy (1990), authored the monograph Development of Blood and Lymphatic Vessels (1991), and co-authored the monograph Vascular Endothelium (1986). Professor

I. I. Bobryk has supervised 12 doctoral and 13 candidate theses.