Human Anatomy Part 1 - K. A. Dyubenko, A. K. Kolomiysev, Yu. B. Chaykovsky 2002

General Part
Historical Outline
Anatomical Schools in Ukraine — The Odesa (Novorossiysk) School of Anatomy

The Department of Anatomy at the Faculty of Medicine was established in 1900 in connection with the opening of Novorossiysk University. A dedicated building was constructed specifically for the morphological departments.

The founder and first HEAD of the department (1900–1917) was Professor M. O. Batuyev (1855–1917), a student of Professor W. L. Gruber. He established the educational museum and dedicated immense effort to working with students. Professor Batuyev's lectures were enriched with illustrative Materials, while prosectors and their assistants conducted Practical Sessions in the afternoon. Professor Batuyev prepared and published the textbook "Lectures on Anatomy" (1907) and translated Spalteholz's anatomical atlas into Russian, which served as the primary study guide for generations of domestic physicians. His research was diverse, spanning The history of medicine, pathological anatomy, and the description of anatomical variants. Professor Batuyev was succeeded by Professor M. K. Lysenkov (1865–1941), under whose tenure (1917–1923) the educational process took on a functional orientation. Students eagerly attended his lectures; emphasizing The Significance of anatomy as the foundation of medicine, he advised studying it not only from textbooks but mandatory on cadavers through dissection and sketching.

Professor M. K. Lysenkov's research activities were multifaceted. He worked in the fields of clinical surgery, topographic anatomy, anthropology, variant anatomy, and developed novel Methods for anatomical research. His doctoral dissertation, "Brain Hernias and Their Treatment" (1896), was dedicated to clinical surgery and offered a fresh interpretation of this pathology and its management. Drawing on his extensive experience, Professor Lysenkov published the manual "Anatomical and physiological Foundations of The Human Body" (1927) and authored the textbook "Normal Anatomy" (1932), which went through four editions. Of exceptional value are his works dedicated to museum curation: "On the Preparation and Preservation of Cadavers for Museums" (1914) and "A Method of Preserving Anatomical Specimens without Immersion in Liquid while Maintaining Their Natural Volume" (1916). Specimens prepared using this method continue to serve as vital study AIDS for students learning normal and topographic anatomy.

In close creative collaboration with Professor M. K. Lysenkov worked his colleague and assistant, the renowned anthropologist V. Y. Bushkovych, who amassed a vast collection of skulls and skeletons (900 specimens). Co-authoring with Professor Lysenkov, V. Y. Bushkovych published the "Manual of Human Normal Anatomy." In 1923, M. K. Lysenkov established the Research Laboratory of Morphology and Physiology, where 100 research papers were completed. He headed this laboratory until 1930.

From 1923 to 1948, the department was headed by Professor M. S. Kondratyev (1888–1951), and from 1944 to 1970, by Professor F. A. Volynsky (1890–1970). This overlap occurred because two separate departments of human anatomy existed in Odesa from 1944 until they were merged in 1949.

Professors M. S. Kondratyev and F. A. Volynsky were shaped as scientists within the Kharkiv Anatomical School, led by the founder of the macro-microscopic method, Academician V. P. Vorobyov. They fully transitioned the educational process toward a functional approach, focusing their research on the Autonomic Nervous system. They developed a specialized method for staining and fixing The Nervous System. Professor M. S. Kondratyev expanded the department's research scope, founding it on novel methods of selective staining using various Dyes.

In 1939, M. S. Kondratyev became a Corresponding Member of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. He devoted significant attention to the Innervation of the Heart, Stomach, cecum, and Appendix. In 1940, M. S. Kondratyev published a collection of research papers entitled "Morphology of the Autonomic Nervous System in Classes and Groups of Vertebrates." He mentored 11 Doctors and Candidates of Sciences, published 35 research papers, and served as a consultant to the moulage factory in Odesa.

The subsequent head of the Department of Anatomy was Professor F. A. Volynsky (1890–1970), a student and collaborator of Academician V. P. Vorobyov. During his tenure, the department's infrastructure expanded significantly. The educational and fundamental museums were enriched with valuable specimens of the peripheral vascular and nervous systems. Programmed learning was introduced at the department in 1965. The core research focus centered on the nervous and cardiovascular systems. Under Professor F. A. Volynsky's guidance, his trainees defended 30 dissertations (including 5 doctoral ones) and published 200 scientific papers. The Odesa Anatomical School nurtured an entire cohort of prominent Ukrainian anatomists (Y. P. Melman, O. L. Leytes, M. D. Dovgyallo, Y. M. Popovkin, I. I. Ilyin, G. M. Sarri-Levi, I. K. Kapinosov) who defended doctoral dissertations and went on to head departments of anatomy in other cities.

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Novorossiysk (Odesa) Anatomical School

From 1970 to 1974, the department was headed by Professor Y. M. Popovkin, a student of F. A. Volynsky. Alongside traditional research topics, he initiated a series of experimental studies investigating the morphofunctional CHARACTERISTICS OF THE orbitofrontal cortical connections in the brain.

Today, the department at the Odesa State Medical University is headed by Professor I. I. Ilyin, a student of Professor F. A. Volynsky and Honored Worker of Science and Technology of Ukraine. The department's primary research focus is the experimental investigation of the morphological manifestations of adaptation in the Central Nervous System, Organs, and Tissues to adverse environmental factors.

Alongside renowned anatomical schools at medical universities across Ukraine, significant contributions to anatomical science were made by the departments of anatomy at medical institutes in Dnipropetrovsk (from 1916), Crimea (from 1918), Donetsk (from 1930), and Vinnytsia (from 1934).

Following the Second World War, The Development of Anatomical Science in Ukraine accelerated significantly, driven by the establishment of new medical institutes in major cities: Chernivtsi (1944), Ivano-Frankivsk (1946), Poltava (1950), Luhansk (1956), Ternopil (1957), and Zaporizhzhia (1964). These departments of anatomy were led by eminent scientists who established new research directions, founded anatomical schools, and elevated anatomical science in Ukraine to a high level.

Following Ukraine's independence, National Congresses of Anatomists, Histologists, Embryologists, and Topographic Anatomists were held (Ivano-Frankivsk, 1994; Luhansk, 1998). The Histological and Embryological Nomenclature was translated into Ukrainian. A number of textbooks, terminological dictionaries, and scientific monographs have been published, and the active training of academic and pedagogical personnel continues, as evidenced by the successful defense of numerous candidate and doctoral dissertations.