Psychiatry - H.T. Sonnyk 2003

Explanatory Dictionary of Psychiatric Terms

ABSENCE SEIZURE (absence) — absentia — a momentary, deep clouding of consciousness during which the patient appears to disconnect from reality, accompanied by a sudden cessation of thought and action. The brevity of this state is not always noticeable to others; the patient recovers almost immediately and does not fall.

ABSTINENCE (abstinence) — abstinentia — a specific psychological and somatic state arising from the cessation of alcohol or drug use, accompanied by psychological and physical discomfort. It is observed in chronic alcoholism and substance use disorders. See Abstinent syndrome.

ABULIA — abulia — a complete loss of drive, willpower, and the capacity to initiate goal-directed action. The patient exhibits limited facial expressions and gesturing, along with motor and speech retardation, in the absence of organic lesions in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

AUTOMATIC OBEDIENCE — a state in which a patient automatically and unquestioningly carries out any command or action, even when it is unpleasant to them.

AGNOSIA — agnosia — a disorder of the processes involved in recognizing environmental stimuli (visual, acoustic, tactile, olfactory, gustatory) or parts of one's own body, despite the intactness of the Sensory Organs (eyes, ears, Nose, etc.). For example, failing to recognize a telephone by its ring, a clock by its ticking, or a dog by its barking.

AGORAPHOBIA — agoraphobia — an obsessive fear of open spaces, public squares, or wide streets.

AGRAMMATISM — agrammatismus — the incorrect grammatical construction of sentences and the improper use of grammatical elements and forms, resulting from damage to the speech areas of the Cerebral Cortex.

AGRAPHIA — agraphia — a disorder of written language manifested by a complete loss of The ability to write or significant writing defects (gross distortion of words, omission of syllables and letters, inability to combine letters and syllables into words, etc.).

ACALCULIA — acalculia — an Impairment of the ability to perform calculations.

AKATHISIA — akathisia — a sensation of inner restlessness that creates a constant urge to change position while working, sitting, or lying down. Akathisia is commonly observed during Treatment with neuroleptics, especially long-acting depot preparations (such as Moditen Depot).

AKINESIA — akinesia — the inability to perform voluntary movements.

ACTAGRAPHIA — actagraphia — the incorrect positioning or ordering of words in writing.

ACTAPHASIA — actaphasia — the incorrect placement or sequencing of words in speech.

ALALIA — alalia — the absence or underdevelopment of spoken language in children with normal Hearing and no primary intellectual deficits.

ALGOLAGNIA — algolagnia — a group of Sexual deviations in which sexual arousal and gratification are possible only in conjunction with pain inflicted upon or experienced by the partner (sadism, masochism).

ALEXIA — alexia — the inability to acquire the reading process.

AMBIVALENCE OF FEELINGS — ambivalentia — a contradictory, dual emotional experience regarding the same event or object (e.g., pleasure and displeasure, sympathy and antipathy, love and hate, etc.), associated not with the Features of the stimulus itself, but with a pathological state of mental activity. Opposing emotions coexist rather than succeed one another.

AMBITENDENCE — ambitendentio — the dual nature of an action as a manifestation of a struggle between two opposing tendencies; splitting in actions, the simultaneous emergence of two contradictory impulses.

AMENTIA — amentia — a form of mental disorder and clouding of consciousness manifested by disorientation, hallucinations, Thought Disorders, perplexity, and confusion. See Amentive syndrome.

AMNESIA — amnesia — a gap in memory, the loss of recollection of events over a specific period of time. See Amnestic syndrome.

ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA — amnesia anterograda — the loss of memory for events that occurred after the onset of the illness.

ANTERORETROGRADE AMNESIA — amnesia anteroretrograda — amnesia combining both anterograde and retrograde features, meaning the loss of memory for events preceding the illness as well as those occurring after its onset.

PROGRESSIVE AMNESIA — amnesia progressive — a decline in the ability to retain new information, characterized by a systematic, sequential loss of stored memories.

RETARDED AMNESIA — amnesia retardata — delayed amnesia characterized by the fact that immediately after an illness involving impaired consciousness, the patient may be able to recount past experiences (hallucinations, fear, etc.), but subsequently forgets them.

RETROGRADE AMNESIA — amnesia retrograda — the loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the onset of the illness.

AMNESIA, SYSTEMIC (амнезия системная) — amnesia systematica — memory loss associated with psychological trauma, affecting not specific time intervals, but rather certain details and content while preserving the general situation in memory (Janet's repression).

AMNESIA, FIXATION (амнезия фиксационная) — amnesia fixa — the inability to retain new information, a complete lack of memory for current events.

AMUSIA (амузия) - amusia - the loss of the ability to recognize or reproduce a previously familiar melody.

ANECPHORIA (анекфория) - anecphoria - a memory disorder, primarily affecting retrieval, where specific events or mental images are recalled only when prompted by other people.

ANAESTHESIA DOLOROSA PSYCHICA (болезненное психическое бесчувствие) — anaesthesia dolorosa psychica — a profound reduction in emotional responsiveness accompanied by the conscious awareness and deep distress over this condition (in contrast to patients with emotional flattening).

ANOSOGNOSIA (анозогнозия) — anosognosia — a lack of awareness of one's own illness while maintaining orientation toward the environment and one's own identity.

ANOREXIA (анорексия) — anorexia — a diminished appetite or persistent refusal to eat caused by illness.

APATHY (апатия) — apathia — a psychological state characterized by diminished emotions, feelings, indifference, emotional coldness, and a lack of interest in surrounding phenomena and events, sometimes even extending to oneself, one's health, or one's destiny. See Apathico-abulic syndrome.

APRAXIA (апраксия) — apraxia — a pathological impairment in the ability to perform purposeful movements, caused by damage to specific areas of the cerebral cortex.

ARITHMOMANIA (арифмомания) — arithmomania — an obsessive-compulsive state manifested by an irresistible urge to count objects.

ASTASIA-ABASIA (астазия-abазия) — astasia-abasia — the inability to stand, walk, or even sit while motor function is completely preserved when lying down, despite the absence of paralysis or coordination disorders in the patient.

ASTHENIA (астения) — asthenia — a psychological state characterized by heightened sensitivity, excitability, irritable weakness, rapid exhaustion, fatigue, and other symptoms. Asthenia is accompanied by decreased appetite, lowered libido, Sleep disturbances, and headaches. See Asthenic syndrome.

ASTROPHOBIA (астрофобия) — astrophobia — a pathological fear of lightning and thunder.

ATAXIC VERBAL INCOHERENCE (атактическая речевая спутанность) — incohaerentia ataxica — a speech production disorder manifested by the disruption of semantic connections between concepts and judgments due to broken associations between them. The patient's speech lacks logic and frequently lacks a clear subject of thought. While sentence Structure remains grammatically correct, the patient's speech ceases to fulfill its communicative function. See Thought disorganization, Ataxic thinking.

AURA (аура) — aura — sudden, short-term (lasting several seconds) diverse neuropsychiatric or somatic disorders (or a combination thereof). An aura does not involve profound clouding of consciousness or agency. An aura serves as the prodrome of an epileptic (epileptiform) seizure. It can be visceral, autonomic, visual, auditory, olfactory, motor, psychic, etc.

AUTISM (аутизм) — autismus — a pathological mental state characterized by a weakening of ties with reality, a hyper-focus on one's own inner experiences, and a restriction of social interaction with other people. See

Autistic thinking.

APHASIA (афазия) — aphasia — the complete or partial loss of the ability to speak or understand spoken language due to damage to the speech centers of the brain.

APHONIA (афония) — aphonia — a pathological speech disorder manifested by the inability to speak in a loud voice.

PATHOLOGICAL AFFECT (аффект патологический) — affectus pathologicus — a sudden, intense, and brief emotional outburst accompanied by anger, outrage, and rage, triggered by unexpected and minor psychotraumatic experiences. Pathological affect is characterized by impaired consciousness, sharp alterations in autonomic Functions, motor excitation accompanied by destructive actions (severe violence, infliction of grievous bodily harm, homicide), and profound exhaustion ending in deep sleep and amnesia. The patient is unaware of their actions and cannot control them.

PHYSIOLOGICAL AFFECT (аффект физиологический) - affectus physiologicus — an intensified, short-term emotional reaction in response to an emotional trigger (anger, rage) where an individual, although exhibiting uncharacteristic behaviors, remains aware of their actions and is able to control them to a certain extent.

BATHOPHOBIA (батофобия) — bathophobia — a morbid, obsessive fear of deep Water or depths.

BISEXUALITY (бисексуальность) — bisexualitas — the presence in an individual of reproductive organs or secondary sex CHARACTERISTICS OF THE opposite sex: dual-sex traits, Hermaphroditism.

BRADYPHRENIA (брадифрения) — bradyphrenia — a general slowing of all mental processes.

BULIMIA (булимия) — bulimia — a pathologically increased appetite and drive for food, accompanied by an absence of the feeling of satiety.

VERBIGERATION — verbigeratio — the senseless stringing together or repetition of the same words and phrases.

VERBOMANIA — verbomania — a morbid preoccupation with talking, an obsession with chatter.

WAXING FLEXIBILITY — flexibilitas cerea — a condition in which the patient maintains any posture passively imposed upon them, whether sitting or

VOYEURISM — voyeurismus — an irresistible urge to observe sexual intercourse, sexual acts, naked people, or their genitals for the purpose of sexual gratification and pleasure. Observed predominantly in males.

HALLUCINATION — hallucinatio — a core feature of mental illness consisting of a false, imaginary perception that occurs without an object, without a stimulus, and outside the immediate action of real objects and phenomena. The patient perceives what does not actually exist: hearing words that nobody speaks and seeing things that are not there.

HYPNAGOGIC HALLUCINATION — hallucinatio hypnagogica — a hallucination occurring during The process of falling asleep.

HYPNOPOMPIC HALLUCINATION — hallucinatio hypnopompica — a hallucination observed upon awakening.

EXTRACAMPINE HALLUCINATION — hallucinatio extracampica — a hallucination in which the hallucinatory image appears outside the field of vision, such as seeing a ghost behind one's back that shifts position when the patient turns around.

ELEMENTARY HALLUCINATION — hallucinatio elementaria — phosphenes, where the person sees light spots, stripes, or dots, and akoasms, where they hear noises, knocking, roaring, etc.

SIMPLE HALLUCINATION — hallucinatio simplex — a hallucination in which an imaginary image is "perceived" by a single analyzer. The patient hears a conversation ("voices") but does not see the speaker, or sees a person who is not speaking.

COMPLEX HALLUCINATION — hallucinatio complexa — a hallucination involving multiple analyzers. For instance, the patient sees talking people and a snake, hears it hiss, and feels it crawling over their body.

TRUE HALLUCINATION — hallucinatio vera — a hallucination in which images are perceived as real and located in the external environment. They are vivid and concrete, giving the patients the impression of objective reality.

FUNCTIONAL HALLUCINATION — hallucinatio functionalis — a hallucination triggered by the action of a real stimulus on the specific analyzer associated with the hallucination, where the real stimulus is perceived simultaneously with the imaginary one. For example, the patient hears voices within the sound of a motor; when the noise stops, the voices disappear.

HALLUCINOSIS — hallucinosis — a psychopathologic state characterized by the persistent presence of certain hallucinations, most commonly auditory ones, while maintaining a critical attitude toward them.

GERONTOPHILIA — gerontophilia — sexual attraction to and gratification involving elderly men and women.

HYDROPHOBIA — hydrophobia — fear of water.

GYNAECOPHOBIA — gynaecophobia — a morbid fear of women.

HYPERBULIA — hyperbulia — a state of pathological enhancement of volitional activity. The patient exhibits an increased drive for activity, motor restlessness, and verbal output. Amidst a general weakening of true will, they produce an endless array of diverse desires and purposeless actions (fussing, shouting, running, singing, etc.).

HYPERAESTHESIA — hyperaesthesia — an increased intensity of sensations.

HYPERMNESIA — hypermnesia — a short-term enhancement or sharpening of memory occurring during pathological states, manifested by the effortless recall of past experiences. While perceptual-figurative (mechanical) memory is heightened, logical-semantic memory may actually weaken.

HYPOAESTHESIA — hypaesthesia — a diminished responsiveness to external stimuli and reduced intensity of sensations.

HYPOBULIA — hypobulia — a weakening or reduction of goal-directed activity, manifested by a decrease or complete absence of drives, motor and speech retardation, and restricted facial expressions despite the complete anatomical integrity of the central and peripheral motor apparatus.

HYPOMNESIA — hypomnesia — memory impairment, manifested primarily in the deterioration of selective recall, difficulty retrieving currently needed information, and a reduced capacity to recall specific past events, details, dates, numbers, or names.

HYPSOPHOBIA — hypsophobia — an obsessive fear of heights.

HOMOSEXUALITY — homosexualismus — an anomaly of the sexual instinct consisting in sexual attraction toward persons of the same sex. Pederasty is a manifestation of homosexuality involving sexual deviance between men. Lesbianism is the inclination of women to satisfy sexual needs with other women.

DEBILITY (дебильность) — debilitas — a mild degree of intellectual disability; congenital or early childhood dementia (acquired before the age of 3) characterized by reduced intelligence development, and an inability to Abstract and operate with concepts.

DEMENTIA (деменция) — dementia — acquired intellectual decline (resulting from brain diseases or mental disorders), manifested by a persistent reduction in cognitive activity. Dementia can be total (diffuse, globular), lacunar, concentric, or transitory.

DEPERSONALIZATION (деперсонализация) — depersonalisatio — a state of consciousness in which self-awareness is impaired, the perception of one's own personality and "Ego" is altered, and The Unity of the self is lost. One's own thoughts and actions are perceived as alienated from the personality.

DEPRESSION (депрессия) — depressio — a depressed mood characterized by melancholy, intellectual and motor retardation, physically burdensome sensations, diminished drives, a profound subjective feeling of distress, and an overly negative evaluation of reality. The patient views everything around them in starkly negative tones.

DEREALIZATION (derealization) — derealisatio — a perceptual disturbance in which the surrounding environment is perceived as altered, alien, dead, dull, frozen, and stripped of reality.

DETAILIZATION (детализация) — detalisatio — a thought disorder characterized by pathological thoroughness, wherein the patient cannot distinguish the main and essential elements, providing an excessive amount of secondary details and particulars that overshadow the core issue, although it is not entirely overlooked. It is observed in Epilepsy.

DIPSOMANIA (дипсомания) — dipsomania — a binge drinking attack manifested by a sudden, irresistible craving for alcoholic beverages that lasts for several days, or less frequently, weeks.

DROMOMANIA (дромомания) — dromomania — an irresistible impulse to wander, devoid of any clear motivation.

EUPHORIA (эйфория) — euphoria — a mental state of elevated mood unjustified by reality or objective causes (motiveless joy, lightheartedness, excessive gaiety).

ECMNESIA (экмнезия) — ecmnesia — a memory disorder in which the boundary between the past and the present is blurred (events of past life are transposed into the present).

EXHIBITIONISM (эксгибиционизм) — exhibitionismus — achieving sexual arousal and gratification by exposing and displaying one's genitals to persons of the opposite sex.

FETAL POSITION (эмбриональная поза) — position embryonalis — a symptom of catatonic stupor. The torso is semi-flexed, the legs are bent at the knees and drawn up to the abdomen, the arms are bent at the elbows and brought to the torso, and the HEAD is tucked toward the chest.

EMOTIONAL INERTIA (эмоциональная инертность) — inertia emotionalis — excessive stability of emotions that seem to become stuck in a person's consciousness and persist independently of Changes in external stimuli and situations.

EMOTIONAL LABILITY (эмоциональная лабильность) — labilitas emotionalis — rapid shifts in emotions (sometimes of opposing character) even without any change in the acting stimulus.

EMOTIONAL WEAKNESS (эмоциональная слабость) — asthenia emotionalis — sharp, groundless shifts in emotions (ranging from an elevated mood accompanied by sentimentality to a lowered mood with tearfulness).

"EMOTIONAL BLUNTING" («эмоциональная тупость») — obtusio emotionalis — impoverishment of feelings manifested by a patient's complete indifference to themselves, their health status, and The Fate of relatives and loved ones. Emotional depletion leads to inaction, loss of initiative (abulia), and a lack of emotional response to various stimuli. The administration of disinhibiting medications can lead to senseless, chaotic motor agitation, which distinguishes emotional blunting from apathy.

EPILEPTIC DEMENTIA (эпилептическое слабоумие) — dementia epileptica — see Concentric dementia.

EPILEPTIC STATUS (эпилептический «статус») — status epilepticus — frequent epileptic seizures in the intervals between which the patient does not regain consciousness; urgent medical assistance is required (combating cerebral edema and convulsions).

ECHOLALIA (эхолалия) — echolalia — a pathological phenomenon manifested in the patient's automatic repetition of the interlocutor's words and questions. For example, instead of answering a question, they simply repeat it.

ECHOPRAXIA (эхопраксия) — echopraxia — a morbid condition in which an individual mindlessly repeats or copies the actions of other people, serving as a simple echo of seen movements.

STUPOR (оцепенение) — stupor — a mental state characterized by the dulling of an individual's intellect, sensations, and actions. Stupor can occur As a result of intense stimuli: fear, pain, surprise, Shock, or a neuropsychiatric disorder.

ZOOPHILIA, SODOMY (зоофилия, содомия) — zoophilia sodomia — sexual attraction to animals and the achievement of gratification through sexual intercourse with them.

ZOOPHOBIA (зоофобія) — zoophobia — an obsessive symptom, a pathological and supernatural feeling of fear that arises when encountering animals or even upon mentioning them.

IDIOCY (идиотия) — idiotia — a severe, extreme degree of congenital or childhood dementia (acquired before the age of 3) characterized by a complete absence of thought processes, limited perception of the surrounding world, and speech reduced to isolated sounds. Individuals with idiocy are incapable of acquiring life experience.

ILLUSION (иллюзия) — illusio — a false perception of the objective world arising under METABOLISM/18.html">The Influence of an external stimulus or a morbid condition. Unlike hallucinations, illusions occur in the presence of real stimuli.

AFFECTIVE ILLUSION (illusio affectiva) — an illusion that occurs in states of intense expectation, fear, or an anxious and depressed mood.

VERBAL ILLUSION (illusio verbalis) — illusio verbalis — a distorted, erroneous perception of the content of a real conversation among people nearby.

PAREIDOLIC ILLUSION (illusio pareidolica) — illusio pareidolica — a distorted perception in which elements of fantasy are projected onto the perceived object: for example, wallpaper, carpets, ceiling stucco, or cracks in a wall are perceived as fantastic landscapes, monsters, fairy-tale characters, etc.

IMBECILITY (имбецильность) — imbecility — a developmental delay in mental capacity, representing a moderate degree of congenital mental deficiency. Speech is better developed than in idiocy, although patients begin to speak only by the age of 3–5; their vocabulary is very poor, they can count within 10–20, and can learn the letters of the alphabet, but are unable to master reading and writing. They understand other people's speech, and sometimes facial expressions and gestures, within The Scope of everyday life; they fail to comprehend new situations and require assistance. They acquire simple habits, but perform them untidily.

IMPULSIVE ACTION (импульсивное действие) — actus impulsivus — an unconscious, simple, isolated action unconnected to the situation, often of a destructive nature, The Mechanism of which is rooted in weakness of cortical activity and insufficient active inhibition, executed without a deliberate volitional decision.

INTELLECT (интеллект) — intellectus — the totality and integrity of cognitive functions, representing the level of ability to use mental operations. Intellect is the mind, capability, and thinking capacity of a person, along with their ability for efficient information Processing and the execution of various logical thinking operations.

INTELLECTUAL EMOTIONS (FEELINGS) (интеллектуальные эмоции, чувства) — emotiones intellectuales — higher feelings associated with cognitive activity: a thirst for knowledge, curiosity, astonishment, and interest.

INTROVERSION (интраверсия) — introversio — the orientation of a person's mental processes (attention, perception, thinking, etc.) primarily toward their own internal world, as opposed to extraversion, where an individual's mental processes are directed outward toward the external world.

PERSONALITY INFANTILISM (инфантилизм личностный) — infantilismus personalitatis — the persistence in an adult's psyche and behavior of traits characteristic of childhood. Against the Background of normal or even accelerated physical and mental development, the individual displays immaturity in the emotional-volitional sphere, manifested in a lack of independence in decisions and actions, a sense of insecurity, reduced self-criticism, and excessive demands on others to take care of them.

HYPOCHONDRIA (ипохондрия) — hypochondria — a morbid condition characterized by anxiety and excessive fear regarding one's health, often accompanied by delusional ideas.

HYSTERIA (истерия) — hysteria — a neuropsychiatric disorder (neurosis) characterized by heightened excitability and emotionality, affective states, autosuggestion, etc.

KEIF (CAIF) (кейф (кайф) — keif — a state of bliss accompanied by pleasant illusions and fantasies that emerge at the onset of drug intoxication.

CATAMNESIS (катамнез) — catamnesis — the aggregate of medical history data and the compilation of all information regarding a patient.

CATATONIC EXCITEMENT (кататоническое возбуждение) — excitatio catatonica — a state characterized by a lack of goal-directedness in movements, along with their incoordination and disharmony: they are bizarre and seemingly intentional, devoid of meaning, and correspond neither to The Nature of stimuli nor to the overall situation.

CATATONIC STUPOR (кататонический ступор) — stupor catatonicus — a state manifested by motor rigidity and stupor. The patient remains in a single posture for many hours, days, or months.

CLAUSTROPHOBIA (клаустрофобия) — claustrophobia — an obsessive fear of being in confined, enclosed spaces (in a room with closed doors and windows), or in areas restricted by walls, fences, etc.

KLEPTOMANIA (клептомания) — kleptomania — an impulse to steal without any external stimuli or personal interest.

COMA (кома) — coma — complete loss of consciousness, absence of reactions to external and internal stimuli, and disappearance of Reflexes. Coma is accompanied by impaired Respiration, cardiovascular activity, and Autonomic Nervous System function. Following a coma, there is complete amnesia regarding the period of unconsciousness.

CONFABULATION (конфабуляция) — confabulatio — a memory disorder characterized by the filling of memory gaps with fabricated recollections and experiences of a fantastic nature.

CRYPTOMNESIA (криптомнезия) — cryptomnesia — a memory disorder in which something read, heard, or seen in a dream is perceived as having actually been experienced, while facts and thoughts borrowed from others or read in a book are considered one's own. Cryptomnesia is caused by memory errors and should not be equated with intentional fabrication or conscious plagiarism.

LABILITY OF MENTAL STATES (лабильность психических состояний) — labilitas statuum psychicorum — the capacity for rapid shifts in mental states, which, on the one hand, allows a person to quickly and relatively easily switch mental functions from one object to another, and, on the other hand, complicates The Study of mental life precisely because of its multiqualitative nature.

FRIVOLITY (легкомыслие) — levitas — a psychological trait manifested in a light-minded, simplified attitude toward one's statements, actions, and behavior.

FEEBLE-MINDEDNESS / COWARDICE (малодушие) — a psychological personality trait manifested in fear of difficulties and a reduced capacity to resist adverse life circumstances. A faint-hearted person retreats in the face of life's hardships.

LESBIAN LOVE, SAPPHISM (лесбийская любовь, сафизм) — lesbianismus, sapphismus — see Homosexuality.

LETHARGY (летаргия) — lethargia — a prolonged loss of consciousness, a morbid sleep-like condition in humans.

LUNACY (sleepwalking) — lunatismus — a form of somnambulism supposedly linked to the influence of moonlight on humans.

MASOCHISM — masochismus — a form of sexual abnormality in which sexual arousal arises from experiencing pain inflicted by a sexual partner.

MANNERISM — a state in which simple actions are distorted and become bizarre.

MENTISM (mantism, mentism) — mantismus, mentismus — an involuntary, continuously arising, and uncontrollable stream of thoughts and memories, a "whirlwind of ideas" that the patient is unable to process. Mentism is sometimes observed in Schizophrenia.

MARASMUS — marasmus — the weakening of human physical and mental functions caused by atrophic Changes in the cerebral cortex.

DELUSION (DELUSIONAL IDEAS) — delirium — a thought disorder in which a false, incorrect judgment that distorts reality completely takes over consciousness and resists correction. From the patient's perspective, the delusional idea is subjectively perceived as absolute truth, beyond doubt, and immune to correction either through persuasion or empirical evidence.

DELUSION OF GRANDEUR — delirium grandiosum — a thought disorder in which the patient is convinced of their exceptional qualities, abilities, capabilities, wealth, and social status. Delusional ideas arise against the backdrop of an elevated mood.

DELUSION OF INVENTION AND DISCOVERY — paranoja inventoria — a thought disorder in which an individual lacking specialized education and experience "invents" devices, engines, or medicines, or "discovers" laws of the universe, the application of which, in their view, will foster progress and make humanity happy.

DELUSION OF HIGH DESCENT — delirium nobilitatis — the patient's assertion that they originate from a noble Lineage and have family ties to world-renowned figures occupying leading positions in politics, art, or science.

DELUSION OF INFLUENCE — the patient's assertion that changes in their Organism are caused by deliberate external Interference. They believe they are being influenced through hypnosis, electric currents, or having thoughts implanted at a distance.

DELUSION OF INJURY AND LOSS — delirium noxae — the patient's conviction that unknown criminals want to rob or are robbing them, ruining them, depriving them of their apartment or earnings, and damaging their property.

EROTIC DELUSION (erotic or love delusion) — delirium eroticum — a variant of delusions of reference and influence, sometimes combined with persecutory delusions: a specific person of the opposite sex loves the patient, feels a strong passion for them, and therefore uses various Methods to attract them and win their affection.

INDUCED DELUSION — delirium inductum — delusional ideas that develop in individuals who are unable to critically evaluate the delusional statements of a mentally ill person and accept them as truth. It occurs in individuals with low intellect or high suggestibility.

HYPOCHONDRIACAL DELUSION — delirium hypochondricum — the persistent conviction of the patient that they have a severe, incurable disease and are about to die. To prove this, they cite numerous arguments based on their sensations, the opinions of others, and clinical tests, even though the latter show no abnormalities. The patient refuses to believe those attempting to convince them otherwise, including doctors.

QUERULOUS DELUSION, LITIGIOUSNESS — delirium querulans — an irresistible urge to defend what the patient perceives as restricted interests and rights through numerous Complaints, lawsuits, and petitions to courts, prosecutor's offices, and local or central authorities. Querulous tendencies are most pronounced in psychopathic personalities prone to developing overvalued ideas.

MEGALOMANIACAL DELUSION — megalomania — bizarre, absurd grandiose delusional ideas observed in progressive paralysis. For example, the patient claims to own 40 barrels of X-rays, 250 trucks, 400 televisions, and to be the commander-in-chief of all the world's armies.

METAMORPHOSIS DELUSION — delirium transformationis — the delusion of transforming into an animal, bird, mythical creature, or inanimate object. Unlike delusions of possession, metamorphosis delusions involve the loss of the sense of one's own "I".

UNSYSTEMATIZED DELUSION — delirium asystematicum — delusional ideas characterized by a lack of a consistent system of evidence. They are disjointed, disconnected, fragmented, incoherent, absurd, and rapidly changing. Unsystematized delusions are linked to perceptual disturbances (hallucinations). Paranoid delusions are unsystematized.

NIHILISTIC DELUSION — delirium negatorium — the patient's assertion that their Internal Organs are atrophied, non-functional, and decaying, that their Heart has stopped, their Blood has frozen, and that they are awaiting sudden death. Sometimes patients consider themselves a walking, decomposing corpse, believing that all their organs have perished and that they themselves no longer exist (Cotard's syndrome).

SENSORY DELUSION — delirium sensorium — delusional ideas accompanied by heightened affectivity and general confusion alongside impaired abstract thinking, characterized by pronounced disturbances in sensory cognition. It lacks a coherent worldview and relies not on a system of evidence, but primarily on imagery, fantasy, and guesswork. The patient sees hints directed at them everywhere: people's smiles, newspaper articles, or glowing streetlights are interpreted as signals from their imaginary enemies.

DELUSION OF POSSESSION — delirium dubitativum — a unique form of hypochondriacal delusion: animals, insects, or mythical or imagined living creatures have entered the patient's body, forcing them to perform various movements and actions, and controlling their thoughts and feelings. The sense of one's own "I" is not lost.

POISONING DELUSION — delirium toxicum — the patient's assertion that poison is being slipped into their food, that they are being given toxic medications, etc.

PARANOID DELUSION — delirium paranoideum — unsystematized, fragmented, absurd delusions (in content: delusions of reference, influence, persecution, poisoning, etc.). At the onset of paranoid delusional ideas, auditory, olfactory, and other hallucinations may be present. See Paranoid syndrome.

PARANOIAK DELUSION — delirium paranojale — systematized delusional ideas, initially overvalued, later interpreted with affective tension and an overestimation of one's own personality. At the same time, perceptual and intellectual-mnestic functions remain intact. See Paranoid syndrome.

PARAPHRENIC DELUSION — delirium paraphrenicum — systematized delusional ideas associated with various hallucinations and phenomena of psychic automatism, emerging in mature age. For a long time (years, decades), there is no intellectual-mnestic or emotional-volitional decline. See Paraphrenic syndrome.

DELUSION OF PERSECUTION (бред преследования) — delirium persecutionis — a delusional state in which the patient believes they are being persecuted, stalked, threatened with murder, etc.

DELUSION OF JEALOUSY (бред ревности) — delirium rivalitatis — the patient's groundless accusations of infidelity directed at their spouse, where the "evidence" of betrayal is often entirely unrealistic and fantastic in nature.

RESIDUAL DELUSION (бред резидуальный) — delirium residuale — delusional ideas where the patient continues to maintain a firm belief in the truth of pathological (delusional) experiences that occurred during an acute phase of illness against the background of altered consciousness.

DELUSION OF REFORM (бред реформаторства) — delirium reformationis — pathological judgments based on a system of subjective, formal logical arguments that arise during the "development" and "Implementation" of various reforms—ranging from minor to global—aimed at the betterment of humanity.

DELUSION OF SELF-BLAME (бред самообвинения) — a type of delusional idea observed in involutional melancholia and other depressive states. Patients blame themselves for past mistakes, immoral actions, thoughts, or desires, for which they believe they will face severe punishment.

DELUSION OF SELF-DEPRECIATION (бред самоуничижения) — delusional ideas in which the patient perceives themselves as worthless, incompetent, or inherently inadequate.

SYSTEMATIZED DELUSION (бред систематизированный) — delirium systematicum — delusional ideas organized into a cohesive framework centered around a core unifying theme. These delusional judgments evolve into a system of views that define the individual's overall worldview, consuming the patient's entire mental life. The reflection of internal connections between real-world phenomena becomes distorted. One pathological judgment links to another, crystallizing the delusional system. Paranoid and paraphrenic delusions are systematized in nature.

DELUSION OF REFERENCE (бред отношения) — delusional ideas in which the patient believes that everyday surroundings directly concern them and carry a special, hidden meaning: people around them cast significant glances; all actions, gestures, utterances, radio and television broadcasts, and sometimes even natural phenomena occur not by chance, but have a direct bearing on the patient.

DELUSIONAL IDEAS (бредоподобные идеи) — ideae deliriosae — pathological ideas of self-underestimation or overestimation that arise against the background of an altered mood (elevated or depressed). They typically stem from some minor real-world basis. These ideas can be corrected to some extent, though not always or for long. They are never entirely absurd.

MELANCHOLIA (меланхолия, меланхолическое состояние) — melancholia, status melancholicus — a mental disorder manifested by a depressed mood accompanied by profound anguish, hopelessness, grief, and despair, coupled with motor and cognitive inhibition, sometimes punctuated by bursts of heightened motor activity—a melancholic "explosion".

METAMORPHOPSIA (метаморфопсия) — metamorphopsia — a distorted or altered Visual Perception of genuinely existing objects while their recognition and semantic meaning are preserved. Types include macropsia, micropsia, and dysmorphopsia.

RORSCHACH TEST (метод Роршаха) — testum Rorschachi — a projective personality assessment developed by the Swiss psychologist and psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach (1921). The subject is sequentially shown 10 amorphous (loosely structured) chromatic and achromatic inkblots (Rorschach inkblots) and is asked each time: "What might this be?", "What does this look like?".

THINKING (мышление) — ideatio — the mental process through which a person is able to reflect the most essential and fundamental aspects of external reality and uncover significant, lawful connections between phenomena. As the cognitive grasp of The Essence of things, thinking represents the highest form of reflecting reality. Thinking is an active function of the intellect.

ATACTIC THINKING (мышление атактическое) — ideatio ataxica — a pathology of thought manifested by inappropriate, paradoxical combinations of concepts and ideas strung together without logical connections. Atactic thinking manifests as atactic verbal incoherence.

AUTISTIC THINKING, AUTISM (мышление аутистическое, аутизм) — autismus — thinking detached from real life. The range of associations with the environment is quite limited. Associations arise primarily from ideas, representations, and sensations related to the illness, during which internal experiences dominate. Patients withdraw into themselves, remain aloof, and do not communicate with anyone. Thinking and responses to questions are formal. Fantasy and reality coexist, and wishful thinking is perceived as reality.

CIRCUMSTANTIAL THINKING, CIRCUMSTANTIALITY (мышление детализированное, детализированность мышления) — a thought process characterized by stickiness, inertia, and an impaired ability to separate the main point from minor details. Accidental, irrelevant minutiae dominate over the core idea in judgments.

THINKING BLOCK, THOUGHT STOPPING (мышления задержка, остановка мышления) — Sperrung — a sudden, short-lived spontaneous halt in the flow of thoughts, easily observable during conversation. The patient suddenly falls silent and later explains their silence by a blockage in their thinking. This interruption and sudden cessation of thought is termed *Sperrung*. It is observed in patients with schizophrenia.

INCOHERENT THINKING (мышление инкогерентное) — incohaerentia — the loss of the ability to form associative links between perceptions, representations, and concepts, or to reflect reality in its connections and relations. The loss of capacity for elementary generalization, analysis, and synthesis. Speech becomes chaotic. See Incoherent (disordered) thinking.

PARALOGICAL THINKING (мышление паралогическое) — paralogia — a thought pathology in which logic is impaired, and specific concepts are replaced by symbols or signs understandable only to the patient, who arrives at entirely groundless and absurd Conclusions lacking objective evidence. Conclusions fail to follow logically from the premises. Such thinking loses logical coherence and becomes incomprehensible to others. Paralogical thinking is characteristic of patients with schizophrenia.

OVERINCLUSIVE THINKING / DWELLING / RESERING (мышление резонерское) — thinking characterized by factless argumentation, empty verbal elaborations that stray from the topic of conversation and fail to achieve any goal. The contentlessness and poverty of judgment are disguised in formally correct grammatical structures.

LOOSENING OF ASSOCIATIONS / DERAILMENT (мышления разорванность) — ideatio ataxica — a thought pathology manifested by the disruption of semantic connections between concepts while grammatical and syntactic sentence structures are preserved. Derailment can reach the level of so-called "word salad"—schizophasia—characteristic of schizophrenia. See Atactic thinking. Incoherent thinking. Atactic verbal incoherence.

SYMBOLIC THINKING (мышление символическое) — ideatio symbolica — a state of thinking in which one concept becomes the symbol for another, sometimes based on accidental or secondary features. This disorder is characteristic of schizophrenia.

MIXEOPHOBIA (миксеофобия) — mixeophobia — an obsessive fear of sexual intercourse arising from the necessity of exposing sexual organs, touching bodies, etc.

SPEECH / LANGUAGE (речь) — sermo — a socially conditioned system of verbal signs serving as a means of human communication. The existential form of human thoughts, feelings, and experiences.

VERBAL INCOHERENCE (речевая спутанность) — incohaerentia — a pathology of speech production caused by disorganized thinking, wherein patients lose the capacity for analysis, synthesis, and other mental operations, as well as for elementary generalization and logical deduction. Types of verbal incoherence include: amentive, choreatic, atactic, and manic (reproductive, egocentric, extrasignal, assonant) forms.

MONOPHOBIA (монофобия) - monophobia — a psychological condition manifested by the fear of being alone. An obsessive fear of solitude.

MORIA (мория) — moria — a state of silly euphoria accompanied by a loss of initiative drives, observed in organic lesions of the frontal lobes of the brain.

MOTIVE (мотив) — the motivating cause of a person's actions and deeds (that which prompts action).

MOTIVATION (мотивация) — motivatio — a system of motives that determines specific forms of human activity or behavior.

MUTISM (мутизм) — mutismus — a speech communication disorder resulting from mental illness; manifested by groundless silence, failure to answer questions, as well as absence of spontaneous speech.

SKILL (навык) — a mental neoformation that enables an individual to perform a certain action rationally, with proper accuracy and speed, without excessive expenditure of physical and mental energy.

SUGGESTION (внушение) — suggestio — any psychological influence of one person upon another (a request, order, persuasion) aimed at actualizing or modifying certain attitudes, value orientations, or actions in the person who is the object of suggestion.

OBSESSIVE IDEAS (навязчивые идеи) — ideae obsessivae — thoughts that arise in a person, alien to the content of their consciousness at the given moment; they are accompanied by a critical attitude toward them and a struggle against them, i.e., a desire to get rid of them. Obsessive ideas are observed in obsessive-compulsive neurosis, certain forms of schizophrenia, cerebral atherosclerosis, and neurasthenia.

OBSESSIVE URGES AND ACTIONS (навязчивые влечения и действия) — molimina obsessiva — a suddenly arisen urge to carry out a certain action toward which the patient is critical, i.e., understands its absurd nature and to some extent struggles against it.

OBSESSIVE STATES (навязчивые состояния) — status obsessivi — morbid disorders manifested by The Emergence of constantly recurring thoughts, memories, doubts, representations, fears, urges, or actions independently of the patient's will and desire, who perceives them as absurdities and strives to get rid of them.

OVERVALUED IDEAS (сверхценные идеи) — ideae dominantes — thoughts that dominate and prevail over all others. They arise as a result of real circumstances, but then acquire excessive emotional coloring, begin to occupy a dominant position in the person's consciousness, and influence the thinking process as a whole. All other thoughts are inhibited or, conversely, concentrated, reinforcing the overvalued idea. Ideas that particularly affect the patient's personality become overvalued.

NARCISSISM (нарциссизм) — narcissismus — a sexual perversion characterized by sexual self-admiration, gazing at one's own naked body or its individual parts, sometimes accompanied by masturbation.

COMPULSIVE ACTIONS (насильственные действия) — simple actions or even movements that a person performs despite understanding their painful nature; they can neither fight them nor overcome them.

MOOD (настроение) — a relatively prolonged emotional state, a more or less lasting disposition of feelings based on positive or negative emotions (feelings).

NEUROSES (неврозы) — neuroses — situational-Psychogenic Disorders arising as a result of a functional disorder ("breakdown") of Higher Nervous Activity due to overstrain of the strength, balance, and mobility of the main nervous processes (Excitation and Inhibition) and signaling systems, and manifested by disorders of neuro-psychic functions, predominantly in the emotional sphere, with preserved self-awareness and criticism. Types of neuroses include: neurasthenia, hysteria, obsessive-compulsive neurosis, etc.

NEGATIVISM (негативизм) — negativismus — an unmotivated counter-impulse, absurd opposition, resistance to any external action, refusal to perform it, sometimes a stubborn desire to act contrary to outside influence. Active negativism (actions opposite to instructions or the physician's passive movement) and passive negativism (absence of any actions in response to a given instruction) are distinguished.

DEMENTIA (слабоумие) — dementia — a persistent decline in cognitive activity with the loss of previously acquired knowledge, the inability to use retained knowledge, and difficulty in acquiring new knowledge. Cf. Dementia. Oligophrenia.

CONCENTRIC DEMENTIA (слабоумие концентрическое) — dementia concentrica — a type of dementia characterized by a gradual narrowing of the patient's interests to their own personality and bodily functions. Thinking becomes inhibited, sluggish, viscous, detailed, and concrete. Thoughts are fixed on trivial details. The patient cannot separate the main from the secondary. Memory suffers, individual words drop out, as a result of which speech becomes limited and monotonous. All interests gradually narrow and concentrate on their somatic functions. Patients are preoccupied only with themselves and the state of their health. Scientific, social, and professional interests are lost. This narrowing develops gradually and concentrically. This type of dementia is characteristic of epilepsy.

LACUNAR DEMENTIA (слабоумие лакунарне) — dementia lacunaris — a type of dementia characterized by a decline in cognitive activity, with a predominance of Memory and Attention disorders, resulting in impaired judgment. The core of the personality, criticism, and behavior remain intact for a long time. This type of dementia is most frequently observed in focal brain diseases.

TOTAL DEMENTIA (слабоумие тотальное) — dementia totalis — a type of dementia characterized by a complete decline in all forms of cognitive activity. Total dementia manifests as weakness of intellect, memory, attention, and a decline in feelings—primarily higher ones—as well as will. Overall, the level of judgment declines, and criticism, behavior, and the core of the patient's personality are disrupted. This type of dementia is observed in senile dementia, progressive paralysis, and other diseases.

TRANSITORY DEMENTIA (слабоумие транзиторное) — dementia transitoria — a type of dementia characterized by weakness of cognitive activity, developing slowly as a result of a progressing destructive process. At the same time, functional disorders of higher nervous activity are demonstrative and profound. Dementia develops against the background of a reduced energy potential. Despite the absence of memory disorders and a sufficient level of formal knowledge, the patient is completely socially maladapted and incapable of any practical activity. The disruption of the unity of mental processes is accompanied by inactivity and unproductivity. This type of dementia is sometimes more pronounced, sometimes weaker, revealing various degrees of defect, and is characteristic of schizophrenia (schizophrenic dementia).

NEUROLEPTICS (нейролептики) — neuroleptica — psychotropic drugs of diverse structure used to treat mentally ill patients. The main property of neuroleptics is their antipsychotic effect. They block or reduce hallucinatory and delusional disorders, reduce affective tension, psychomotor agitation, and normalize pathological behavioral changes of diverse genesis.

NEUROTICISM (нейротизм, невротизм) — neurotismus — a characterological feature of a person expressed in their predisposition to neurotic reactions, nervous "breakdowns," states of anxiety, etc.

NECROPHILIA (некрофилия) — necrophilia — the attainment of sexual gratification through intercourse with corpses.

NECROPHOBIA (некрофобия) — necrophobia — a manifestation of obsessiveness, a pathological fear upon viewing corpses or thinking about them.

NEOLOGISMS (неологизмы) neologism} — the product of pathological creation of words that do not exist in the language and do not define real concepts.

IRRESISTIBLE URGES AND ACTIONS (непреодолимые влечения и действия) — short-term pathological urges that arise suddenly, cannot be inhibited, and are realized in action.

NIHILISM (нигилизм) — nihilismus — a psychological phenomenon reflecting a destructive mindset, characterized by the rejection of traditions and the devaluation of values.

NYCTOPHOBIA (никтофобия) — nyctophobia — an obsessive fear of darkness in humans.

NYMPHOMANIA (нимфомания) — nymphomania — an increased sexual desire in women, manifested by frequent sexual intercourse or frequent and prolonged masturbation (onanism).

NOSOPHOBIA (нозофобия) — nosophobia — an obsessive state manifested by a pathological fear of contracting a severe, incurable disease (syphilophobia — fear of contracting Syphilis, cancerophobia — fear of developing malignant tumors, etc.).

NOOTROPICS (ноотропы) — nootropa — psychotropic drugs with a diverse chemical structure that have an activating effect on higher mental functions. Nootropics help normalize tissue metabolism processes in the Central nervous system. They improve the course of cortical neural processes, mental activity, and enhance the integrative activity of the brain and memory, without causing stimulation of the central nervous system.

OBNUBILATION (обнубиляция) — obnubilatio — a mild, short-term form of consciousness disorder with moments of lucidity, when a clear consciousness returns to the patient for a short time and then becomes clouded again.

STUPOR / OBTUNDATION (оглушенность) — obtusio mentis — a symptom complex characterizing a disturbance of consciousness in which the patient reacts only to strong (physical or mental) stimuli. Perception of the environment is unclear and vague. Memories are sharply limited or absent. Synthesis is difficult. Orientation in place and time is severely impaired or absent. Emotions are blunted. Motor activity is absent or diminished.

OLIGOPHRENIA, CONGENITAL MENTAL RETARDATION (олигофрения, слабоумие врожденное) — oligophrenia — a type of dementia characterized by delayed intellectual development due to causes operating prenatally or in early childhood (up to 3 years of age). See Debility, Imbecility, Idiocy.

ONANISM, MASTURBATION (онанизм, мастурбация) — onanismus, masturbatio — experiencing sexual gratification not through normal sexual intercourse, but through the mechanical stimulation of sex organs (erogenous zones).

ONYCHOPHASIA (онихофазия) — onychophasia — an obsession manifested by the habit of nail-biting.

ORGASM (оргазм) — Orgasmus — burning with passion, the moment of highest sexual gratification that occurs during intercourse and is accompanied by the secretion of glandular products.

ORIENTATION (ориентировка) — orientatio — the ability of a person to realize and reflect the surrounding world (place, space, people, objects, phenomena, time), as well as their own personality. A disturbance of orientation is called disorientation.

ALLOPSYCHIC ORIENTATION (ориентировка аллопсихическая) — orientatio allopsychotica — orientation in place, space, other people, objects, and time.

AUTOPSYCHIC ORIENTATION (ориентировка аутопсихическая) — orientatio autopsychotica — orientation regarding one's own person, awareness of one's own body, and separating oneself from the outside world.

PERSONALITY (личность) — personalitas — a human being, a social individual who combines the features of universally significant and individually unique traits.

PALIMPSEST (палимпсест) — palimpsestos — a memory disorder characterized by the loss of memories of individual events following alcohol intoxication. A palimpsest is a sign of the onset of chronic alcoholism.

MEMORY (память) — memoria — the mental function of retaining past impressions in consciousness and reproducing past experience. Memory is one of the phenomena of human mental activity. Memory is based on four processes: memorization, retention, reproduction, and recognition.

WORKING MEMORY (память оперативная) — memoria operativa — a special type of memory based on information coming from long-term and short-term memory during the solution of a specific task.

PANTOMIMIC MOVEMENTS (пантомимические движения) — pantomimica — expressive Movements of the entire body or its individual parts.

PARAMIMIA (парамимия) — paramimia — unnatural grimaces, facial mimicry that corresponds neither to the content of statements nor to their emotions.

PARAMNESIA (парамнезия) — paramnesia — a morbid mental state manifested in a memory disorder that arises as a result of amnesia, when gaps in memory are filled with false memories. Paramnesias are divided into confabulations, pseudoreminiscences, and phantasms.

PARANOIA (паранойя) — paranoja — a mental illness characterized by systematized delusions without visible intellectual impairments, but also without a critical assessment of one's condition.

PARAPRAXIA (парапраксия) — parapraxia — an unnatural alteration of movements of a caricatural nature.

PARATHYMIA (parathymia) — parathymia — inappropriate emotions. A patient may laugh when speaking of the death of a loved one; appear sad when they should be joyful; or suddenly display unprovoked aggression toward someone they hold dear.

PAREIDOLIA (парейдолия) — pareidolia — a phenomenon in which indeterminate shapes (stains on a wall, curtain folds, wallpaper or carpet patterns, etc.) are perceived as people, animals, monsters, etc.

PATHOLOGICAL LIAR (патологический лгун) — pseudologus — an individual type who is aware of the falsehood and pointlessness of their lies, yet, unlike in cases of phantasm, is unable to inhibit them.

PATHOPSYCHOLOGY (патопсихология) — pathopsychologia — a branch of medical psychology that studies the patterns of mental activity disorders and personality traits in illness. The analysis of pathological changes is carried out by comparing them with the normal course of mental processes, states, and personality traits.

PAEDOPHILIA (педофилия) — paedophilia — sexual attraction to children with attempts to engage in sexual acts with them.

PEIRAPHOBIA (пейрафобия) — peiraphobia — the emergence of an obsessive fear associated with public speaking, answering questions during an exam, etc.

PERSEVERATION (персеверация) — perseveratio — a Pathology of Thinking manifested in the prolonged dominance of a single thought or idea, or in the repetition of the same words and Answers.

PERCEPTION (перцепция) — perceptio — the reflection of things and phenomena in human consciousness through the Senses.

PYROMANIA (пиромания) — pyromania — a mental disorder manifested in an irresistible impulse to start fires without any apparent motivation.

PYROPHOBIA (пирофобия) — pyrophobia — a mental disorder manifested in the fear of fire.

BEHAVIOR (поведение) — a category used to denote a totality of human actions and deeds.

IRRITABILITY (раздражимость) — jrritatio — the ability of a living organism to respond to environmental influences.

CONCEPT (понятие) — one of the fundamental forms of abstract thinking, reflecting the essential features of a studied object.

POTATOR (потатор) — potator — a patient suffering from chronic alcoholism.

DRIVE / URGE (влечение) — a state of the organism that directly expresses the sensory reflection of a need. A drive is a phylogenetically old, inherited reflex (instinctive) reaction (food, self-preservation, reproduction) aimed at achieving vital goals. Drives energize human behavior and serve as a source of activity. In mental illness, drives may become intensified, weakened, or distorted.

FEELING / EMOTION (чувства) — emotio — mental states that reflect the emotional side of a person's inner world, their subjective experience of events, emotional attitude toward surrounding reality, and personal reaction to the satisfaction or frustration of their needs.

ASTHENIC FEELINGS (чувства астенические) — emotions asthenicae — feelings that suppress human vitality, diminish strength and energy, and induce relaxation (fear, anxiety, etc.).

STHENIC FEELINGS (чувства стенические) — emotions sthenicae — feelings that enhance and activate human vitality, increase strength, boost energy, and prompt action (love, joy).

TWILIGHT STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS (сумеречное состояние сознания) — confusio conscientiae — see Twilight and clouded states of consciousness syndrome.

PASSION (страсть) — cupiditas — a persistent emotional attachment of a person to a specific object.

PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES (проективные Методики) — testa projectiva — testing methods used to study personality. The most common projective techniques include the Rorschach test, the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), the Rosenzweig picture-frustration study, etc.

HYPNOPOMPIC / SLEEP-AWAKE STATE (просоночное состояние) — status semisomni — a mild form of impaired consciousness resembling the state of a healthy person who is suddenly awakened at night, where the "I" has returned, but orientation in time, space, and the surrounding environment is still lacking. In healthy individuals, this state is brief (seconds, minutes), whereas in psychiatric patients it is prolonged.

PSEUDOHALLUCINATION (псевдогаллюцинация) — pseudohallucinatio — a perception disorder characterized by the absence of extra-PROJECTION OF THE hallucinatory image: the falsely perceived object is localized within the person's body (e.g., a voice is heard inside the head with the "Inner ear", an image is seen with the "inner eye"). This pathology is characterized less by corporeality than by imagery and has a subjective nature. Pseudohallucinations are not linked to reality.

PSEUDODEMENTIA (псевдодеменция) — pseudodementia — a syndrome in which the depth of the twilight state of consciousness is significantly less than in Ganser syndrome. The patient's behavior exhibits silliness and absurdity. They give incorrect answers and make mistakes when performing simple actions. Their mood is mostly depressed, sometimes cheerful. Their facial expression is foolish. See Pseudodementia syndrome.

PSEUDOREMINISCENCE (псевдореминисценция) — pseudoreminiscentia — false memories of real content concerning events that did not occur during the time period recalled by the patient, though they did take place or could have occurred in the past. Pseudoreminiscences often fill gaps in the patient's memory and are not always easily distinguishable from confabulations.

PSYCHASTHENIA (психастения) — psychasthenia — a mental disorder characterized by psychic asthenia and a depressed mood. It typically manifests in fearful, indecisive, shy, and self-doubting individuals under the Influence of External psychological stressors. This background fosters The Development of various obsessive-compulsive states.

PSYCHIATRY (психиатрия) — psychiatria — a clinical medical science that studies mental illnesses, their Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical presentation, Diagnosis, course, treatment, Prevention, and forensic expertise.

PSYCHE (психика) — psychica — the brain's function of reflecting objective reality in the form of sensations, perceptions, thoughts, and other images of the external world.

MENTAL PROCESSES (психические процессы) — processus psychici — Various Forms of a unified, holistic reflection of objective reality by the subject mediated through the central nervous system. Mental processes include sensation, perception, memory, thinking, imagination, intellect, emotion, volition, and attention. They are also referred to as mental functions.

PSYCHOGENESES (психогении) — psychogeniae — neuro-psychiatric disorders arising from severe, traumatic psychological events. Psychogeneses can be triggered by acute, simultaneous experiences of circumstances that threaten the health or life of an individual or their loved ones. The clinical picture and course are determined by the Nature of the psychological trauma and the personality traits of the individual. Psychogeneses encompass reactive psychoses and neuroses.

PSYCHOHYGIENE (психогигиена) — psychohygiena — a branch of medicine that studies the patterns of interpersonal relationships and the psychogenic environment. Psychohygiene is a system of measures aimed at preventing neuro-psychiatric and psychosomatic disorders. Its primary mission is to secure, preserve, and strengthen human mental health. Specialized tasks of psychohygiene include assisting individuals in crisis situations of a familial, educational, or occupational nature.

PSYCHODIAGNOSTICS (психодиагностика) — psychodiagnostica — a branch of psychology focused on the comprehensive analysis of personality to identify and overcome developmental shortcomings, and to enhance educational or professional performance.

PSYCHOSIS (психоз) - psychosis - a systemic disorder of the entire organism accompanied by primary dysfunctions of the brain, characterized by a distorted reflection of objective reality and an impaired ability to act purposefully upon it (Disorders of Consciousness).

PSYCHOLOGY (психология) — psychologia — the science of the patterns of emergence and activity of the human psyche, as well as the mental processes that constitute components of human activity and communication.

PSYCHOMETRICS (психометрия) — psychometria — a branch of psychology concerned with the measurement of human mental traits and capacities. The main objects of psychometrics are sensation, perception, memory, thinking, imagination, speech, intellect, and attention.

PSYCHOPATHY (психопатия) — psychopathia — a pathological form of mental activity characterized by disharmony in the emotional-volitional sphere and drives, which, however, does not lead to progressive deterioration of mental functioning.

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY (психопатология) — psychopathologia — a branch of medicine that studies mental illnesses, their causes, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, course, treatment, and prevention. General psychopathology examines individual symptoms and syndromes of mental disorders (pathology of perception, memory, thinking, etc.), the mechanisms of their onset, GENERAL PATTERNS OF development, and their diagnostic value. Special psychopathology investigates specific mental illnesses based on general clinical categories.

PSYCHOSOMATICS (психосоматика) — psychosomatica — a branch of psychology that studies the Influence of the psyche on the course of physical processes in the body (autonomic, trophic, etc.), as well as the reciprocal effect of organic processes on mental tone.

PSYCHOTHERAPY (психотерапия) — psychotherapia — treatment administered through psychological influence on the patient.

PUERILISM (пуэрилизм) — puerilismus — a syndrome whose clinical presentation manifests in childish behavior, facial expressions, gestures, speech, nature of judgment, and emotional reactions. Patients play with toys, make dolls, throw tantrums like young children, cry, and refer to themselves by children's names. They make mistakes when performing simple tasks. This symptom complex is observed in reactive psychoses. See Puerile syndrome.

JOY (радость) — gaudium — one of the fundamental emotions. Joy is a mental state of heightened, positively valenced emotional elation.

REHABILITATION (реабилитация) — reabilitatio — the restoration of a patient to normal life and work within the limits of their psychophysical capabilities.

REACTION (реакция) — reactio — a responsive action to any influences or stimuli, serving as the primary form of interaction between the organism and the environment.

JEALOUSY (ревность) — rivalitas — a mental state manifested in groundless suspicion toward an object of affection and doubt regarding their fidelity. The feeling of jealousy is subject to control by intellect and willpower and is inherent to romantic love.

RESONING / SCHIZOPHRENIC RESONING (резонерство) — logopathia — empty, fruitless speculations devoid of concrete, practical meaning, possessing correct grammatical form yet abounding in bizarre expressions. Reasoning is observed predominantly in patients with schizophrenia.

RELAXATION (релаксация) — relaxatio — the transition of a system into a state of equilibrium and rest. Relaxation is a component of The regulation of deep psychophysiological processes, a means of relieving neuro-psychiatric tension, and a psychohygienic cleanser.

REMINISCENCE (реминисценция) — reminiscentia — a feature of memory consisting in the inaccurate reproduction of learned material when attempting to recall it immediately after memorization or learning.

REFLECTION (рефлексия) — reflexio — a person's conscious contemplation of objects, patterns, and mechanisms of their own activity, social and individual modes of existence, and self-analysis.

REASON / INTELLECT (разум) — mens — the higher form of theoretical comprehension of reality, conscious manipulation of concepts, and synthesis of knowledge, ideas, and theories. Reason analyzes and evaluates both sensory data and cognitive processes, as well as itself.

UNDERSTANDING (понимание, соображение) — a mental process aimed at identifying (elucidating) the essential features, properties, and connections of objects, phenomena, and events.

SPLIT PERSONALITY — ataxia intrapsychica — a morbid mental state characterized by the dissociation of the subject's consciousness. See Syndrome of "intrapsychic ataxia".

SADISM — Sadismus — a sexual deviation manifested by the urge to inflict pain on a partner during sexual intercourse. Deriving sexual gratification solely under the condition of inflicting pain upon one's sexual partner. A pathological inclination toward cruel acts and torture. By inflicting physical suffering on others, the sadist derives pleasure.

SELF-PRESERVATION — ttiitio — human activity aimed at preserving one's organism and oneself as a personality. Self-preservation can be instinctive or conscious, acquired by humanity in the course of social life.

AUTOSUGGESTION — autosuggestio — a psychological influence of an individual upon themselves, resulting in the emergence of various mental and somatic states.

SELF-KNOWLEDGE — the exploration and cognition of oneself. The capacity for self-knowledge is inherent exclusively to humans and is carried out with the aid of reason.

SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS — an individual's awareness of themselves as a personality: of their activity, relationships with other people, character traits, personal actions and deeds, their motives, goals, mental, moral, and physical qualities, etc.

CONSCIOUSNESS — conscientia — a function of the human brain consisting in the reflection of the objective properties of objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, the processes occurring within it, one's own actions, the preliminary outlining and anticipation of their consequences, and the Regulation of human interactions with nature and social reality.

SEXOLOGY — sexologia — a field of comprehensive scientific research into human sexual life.

SEXOPATHOLOGY — sexopathologia — a branch of medicine that studies morbid DISORDERS OF SEXUAL life and methods for their treatment.

CENESTHOPATHY — senestopathia — diverse unpleasant sensations localized in various PARTS OF THE body or internal organs, possessing an undefined yet highly distressing character (sensations of burning, tightness, twisting, etc.).

SENSIBILIZATION — sensibilisatio — increased sensitivity of Sense Organs to a stimulus under its action (hyperesthesia).

SENSITIVITY — sensitivitas — a distinct susceptibility or sensitivity inherent to an individual.

SENSORY — sensorius — pertaining to the senses, associated with the reflection of reality through sensations and perceptions.

STRONG TYPE OF HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY — typus psychosthenicus systematis nervosi supremi — a type of nervous system characterized by strong processes of excitation and inhibition, or at least the dominance of the former.

SYMBOL - symbolum - an integral figurative structure that generalizedly reflects real objects and phenomena.

SYMPTOM — symptoma — a characteristic manifestation or sign of a specific disease or phenomenon.

DUPRÉ'S "AIR CUSHION" SIGN — symptoma Dupre — a condition observed in catatonic stupor where a patient lying on their back does not Touch the pillow with the back of their head, leaving the head suspended above it.

SIMULATION — simulatio — the feigned expression of feelings or a specific physical condition (disease) for the purpose of misleading someone.

SYNDROME — syndromum (syndioma) — a set of symptoms sharing a common pathogenesis.

WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME — syndromum abstinentiae — a state characterized by somatovegetative and mental disorders arising from the cessation of the intake of narcotic substances, alcohol, or medications toward which a pathological craving has formed. The Development of the syndrome begins with vasomotor-vegetative and asthenic disorders: facial hyperemia, tachycardia, elevated blood pressure, discomfort or pain in the cardiac region, dizziness, headache, sweating, chills, tremor of the extremities, pain in Muscles and joints, dyspeptic disorders, dryness and an unpleasant taste in the Mouth, thirst, decreased appetite, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain (most frequently in the Liver area), sleep disturbances, and lethargy. The physical components of withdrawal are supplemented by psychiatric symptoms: depressed mood, timidity, anxiety, fear, suspiciousness, and depressive self-evaluation. The patient cannot fall asleep; if they do fall asleep, the sleep is superficial, accompanied by frequent awakenings and nightmares. Withdrawal syndrome reaches its peak intensity on the 3rd or 4th day after cessation of drinking. The emergence of this syndrome indicates that the intensity of the craving for alcohol (drugs) has reached the level of a vital urge.

AMBULATORY AUTOMATISM SYNDROME — syndromum automatismi ambulatorii — a state of altered consciousness (narrowing of the field of consciousness) characterized by the automatic execution of complex actions. For example, while returning home, the patient heads in the opposite direction from their home or may even end up in another city. Upon regaining consciousness, they do not remember how they got there (amnesia). Despite the disorder of consciousness, the patient outwardly does not betray their bizarre behavior.

AMENTIVE SYNDROME — syndromum amentiae — a clouding of consciousness accompanied by gross impairment of perception and orientation, predominantly auditory hallucinations, fragmentary delusional ideas, fragmentation of the reflection of the environment, incoherent speech, motor excitation, feelings of fear, helplessness, and bewilderment, as well as impaired synthesis. The patient is unable to comprehend the situation. The amentive syndrome is followed by complete amnesia, or more rarely, fragmentary memories.

AMNESTIC SYNDROME — syndromum amnesticum — an impairment of the capacity for memorization and recall, anterograde and, less frequently, retrograde amnesia combined with false memories (pseudoreminiscences and confabulations).

ANANKASTIC SYNDROME — syndromum anancasmi — symptom complexes that include obsessive fears, thoughts, and actions that are inadequate, unjustified, and often absurd, while the patient is unable to overcome them.

APATHIC-ABULIC SYNDROME — syndromam apatho-abulicum — a reduction in emotions and volitional impulses toward goal-directed activity. The patient is indifferent to surrounding events, to loved ones, their joys and hardships, to their own fate, etc. Alongside emotional deficiency, characteristic features include sluggishness, passivity, and a lack of drive for activity. Patients lie in bed all day long.

ASTHENIC SYNDROME (синдром астенический) — syndromum asthenicum — a condition in which a patient exhibits excessive excitability over minor triggers, particularly in the emotional sphere; it is accompanied by acute fatigue, exhaustion, and a tendency to cry. Somatic lethargy, unpleasant bodily sensations, and other signs of discomfort are also observed.

HALLUCINATORY-PARANOID SYNDROME (синдром галлюцинаторно-параноидный) — syndromum hallucinatorio-paranoidale — a complex syndrome encompassing hallucinations and delusions. Hallucinations are predominantly auditory or visual, and more rarely olfactory or gustatory. Delusions are unsystematized and varied in content: ideas of persecution, reference, influence, jealousy, harm, grandiosity, and the like. They are closely linked to hallucinations, remaining largely unsystematized.

GANSER SYNDROME (синдром Ганзера) — syndromum Ganseri — a variant of hysterical twilight state of consciousness characterized by complete disorientation and visual, or more rarely auditory, hallucinations. Hallucinatory images are achromatic (black and white or gray). Complex scenes are enacted, with the patient playing The Central Role. Delusions of influence, reference, and persecution are present. Characteristic features include nonsensical answers to simple questions (Vorbeiworten, or giving approximate answers). The patient's behavior is absurd, creating the impression of simulated mental illness.

HEBEPHRENIC SYNDROME (синдром гебефренический) — syndiomum hebephrenicum — an inert euphoria manifested by bizarre, inappropriate gaiety, silliness, mischievousness, and at times "childish behavior." The patient may occasionally display mannerisms, theatricality, absurd gestures, postures, facial expressions, and peculiar speech articulation.

DELIRIOUS SYNDROME (синдром делириозный) — syndromum deliriosum — a clouding of consciousness accompanied by impaired environmental orientation. Multiple, mobile, scenic, and narrative hallucinations are observed, predominantly visual and tactile. Delusions of reference and persecution are unstable and closely associated with hallucinations, illusions, and metamorphopsia. The patient's emotional state and behavior correspond to the content of the hallucinations. Following the delirious state, quite vivid yet not always coherent memories are retained. Pathological experiences often remain clearer in memory than real events.

DEPRESSIVE SYNDROME (синдром депрессивный) — svndromum depressivum — a state characterized by lowered mood, deep anguish reaching despair, hopelessness, and dejection, as well as slowed thought processes, psychomotor retardation, and an obsessive focus on one's internal suffering. Patients may occasionally develop delusions of self-blame and self-depreciation.

DYSMORPHOPHOBIA AND DYSMORPHOMANIA SYNDROME (синдром дисморфофобии, дисморфомании) — syndromum dysmorphophobiae, syndromum dysmorphomaniae — pathological experiences characterized by the emergence of thoughts regarding a fabricated or imagined physical defect (deformity). These may take the form of obsessive, overvalued, or delusional ideas. Dysmorphophobia manifests as an obsessive fear of a neurotic nature. Dysmorphomania is a fixed, pathological conviction regarding the presence of an imagined—or real but grossly exaggerated—physical defect, most commonly concerning visible body parts (such as the shape and size of the nose, ears, Teeth, hands, legs, etc.).

SYNDROME OF THE CONRICTED FIELD OF CONSCIOUSNESS (синдром суженного поля сознания) — syndromum constrictionis conscientiae — a condition of sudden onset characterized by a narrowed range of ideas and experiences due to a reduction in associative links. The patient is disoriented to the environment; reality is either entirely unperceived or perceived in a highly selective manner. Complete amnesia is observed. This syndrome encompasses ambulatory automatism, trance states, and somnambulism.

"INTRAPSYCHIC ATAXIA" SYNDROME (синдром «интрапсихической атаксии» — by Stransky) — syndromum ataxiae intrapsychicae — a psychopathological state marked by a disruption in the logical reflection of objective reality resulting from impaired associative connections among mental processes. This leads to a disconnect between concepts, judgments, feelings, and actions, as well as a splitting of individual processes of consciousness: thinking manifests as atactic speech incoherence, feelings as ambivalence, and will as ambitendency. This syndrome is characteristic of schizophrenia.

HYPOCHONDRIAC SYNDROME (синдром ипохондрический) — syndromum hypochondricum — a syndrome comprising three elements: 1) various bodily sensations originating from different parts of the body that lack any underlying somatic pathology; 2) hypochondriacal ideas of varying content (patients believe they suffer from various diseases such as syphilis, tuberculosis, or Cancer, insisting that their heart, Kidneys, blood, etc., are diseased); 3) depressed mood, an obsessive preoccupation with one's illness, and a consequent loss of interest in the surrounding world.

KANDINSKY-CLÉRAMBAULT SYNDROME OF PSYCHIC AUTOMATISM (синдром психического автоматизма Кандинского-Клерамбо) — syndromum automatismi psychici Clerambault-Kandinski — a psychopathological condition in which the patient feels that their thoughts, experiences, and actions are not their own, but are controlled by someone else (an anonymous individual or someone known to them). They experience a lack of autonomy over their thoughts (compulsory thinking, thought broadcasting, thought insertion and control, etc.), emotional experiences ("they are forcing me" to feel angry, joyful), and actions ("someone is speaking through me," "someone is walking for me," etc.). Pseudo-hallucinations are typically present.

CATATONIC SYNDROME (синдром кататонический) — syndromum catatonicum — a symptom complex of mental disorders, predominantly in the motor sphere, consisting of catatonic stupor (waxy flexibility, catalepsy, the "air pillow" sign, active and passive negativism, mutism, etc.) or catatonic excitement (motor stereotypy, echolalia, echopraxia, paramimia, impulsive actions, and answering inopportunely).

KORSAKOFF'S SYNDROME (синдром Корсакова) — syndromum Korsakovi — a psychopathological condition characterized by an impairment of memory for recent events (fixation amnesia) while memory for past events (prior to the onset of illness) remains intact. Patients are disoriented in place, time, and environment (amnestic disorientation). They cannot find their hospital room or bed, and do not remember what they just ate or what was recently discussed with them. Various forms of amnesia occur. Memory gaps are filled with false, fabricated recollections (confabulations, pseudoreminiscences).

MANIC SYNDROME (синдром маниакальный) — syndromum maniacale — a psychopathological state manifested by euphoria, a pathologically elevated mood—sometimes accompanied by irritability—as well as accelerated thought processes, enhanced goal-directed activity, and distractibility. Delusions of grandiosity may also occur.

OBSESSIVE SYNDROME, OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE SYNDROME (синдром обсессивный, синдром навязчивых состояний) — syndromum obsessivum — a psychopathological state characterized by the presence of various obsessive ideas, emotions (phobias), urges, and actions. Despite recognizing the absurdity and baselessness of these phenomena, the patient nevertheless submits to them, and they influence the content of their psyche and overall behavior. The patient is unable to overcome these pathological experiences on their own.

OCULOSTATIC SYNDROME (синдром окулостатический) — syndromum oculostaticum — a syndrome manifested by impaired postural stability during Eye Movements, accompanied by headache, eye pain, hyperhidrosis, nausea, dizziness, and falls. It is observed in cerebral concussions and contusions.

ONEIROID SYNDROME (синдром онейроидный) — syndromum oneiroideum — a syndrome involving a mild clouding of consciousness characterized by sparse, fantastic, supernatural hallucinations in which the patient does not actively participate but feels a profound personal responsibility for everything happening around them. Double orientation may occur. Reality is typically diminished in significance or entirely unperceived by the patient. Illusory-hallucinatory perception of the external world and emotional tension (fear, anticipation) are observed. The patient's behavior is marked by oneiroid stupor or purposeful yet absurd excitement. Memories following recovery are fragmentary in nature.

PARANOID SYNDROME (синдром параноидный) — syndromum paranoidale — a condition characterized by unsystematized delusions of varied content—such as persecution, reference, influence, self-blame, grandiosity, and jealousy—or restricted to a single manifestation, such as persecutory delusions alone. The delusional ideas are disjointed and fragmentary. In their formation and content, these delusions lack any "real" basis, appearing implausible, often fantastic, and absurd.

PARANOID SYNDROME / PARANOIAC SYNDROME (синдром паранойяльный) — syndromum paranoj ale — delusions concerning specific individuals, events, or circumstances that originate from overvalued ideas. The syndrome develops following an emotionally distressing experience or conflict. Delusions of grandiosity, influence, reference, and persecution predominate; they are interrelated and form a coherent delusional plot—systematized delusions.

TWILIGHT STATE SYNDROME, TWILIGHT STATE (синдром сумеречный, сумеречное состояние) — syndromum semisomni — a syndrome of clouded consciousness of sudden onset and abrupt termination. It is characterized by profound environmental disorientation, distorted perception, visual and other hallucinations, fragmentary delusions of reference, influence, and persecution, affective reactions of Fear and Rage, and motor agitation. Such a state may lead the patient to motiveless acts and aggressive behavior. The syndrome concludes with deep sleep and amnesia. See Twilight state of consciousness syndrome.

PSEUDODEMENTIA SYNDROME, PSEUDODEMENTIA (синдром псевдодеметный, псевдодеменция) — syndromum pseudodementiae, pseudodementia — a simulated or false dementia featuring clinical manifestations of environmental disorientation. The patient is unable, for example, to correctly name simple objects, does not know their own name, age, or how many hands they have, and provides absurd answers while remaining within the context of the question asked. The patient is sluggish, inhibited, maintains a monotonous posture, wears a vacant facial expression, and stares straight ahead. An impression is created that the patient is intentionally demonstrating behavioral disturbances and dementia. It is observed in hysterical psychoses.

PSYCHOORGANIC SYNDROME (синдром психоорганический) — syndromum psychoorganicum — a psychopathological state characterized by a narrowing of interests, passivity, affective lability, explosiveness, and coarseness. Asthenia, increased fatigue, and irritability are clearly evident. Patients are distressed by solitude and yearn for company, yet upon interacting with others, they quickly become irritated and fatigued. In severe cases, There is a decline in critical judgment and memory, unconcern, euphoria, affective incontinence, irascibility, and tearfulness.

PUERILE SYNDROME, PUERILISM (синдром пуэрильный, пуэрилизм) — syndromum puerilismi, puerilismus — a pathological mental state in which an adult's behavior is age-inappropriate, resembling that of a child, and is characterized by absurdity, lightheartedness, cheerfulness, naive judgments, and altered speech intonation (lisping, baby talk). Patients play with dolls, cry bitterly when a toy is taken away, and begin to jump with joy and clap their hands upon seeing a new toy. They refer to themselves by diminutive names. The puerile syndrome is observed in hysterical forms of reactive psychoses.

CHOREIC SYNDROME, "ACUTE DELIRIUM" SYNDROME (синдром хореатический, синдром «острого бреда» — syndromum choreaticum, syndromum «delirium acuty» — a profound clouding of consciousness accompanied by complete disorientation and choreic speech incoherence. Communication with the patient is impossible; they utter or shout only isolated words or sounds. Motor agitation is narrowly localized (within the confines of the bed): isolated limb movements, picking, pulling at, or casting off bed linens, blankets, etc. (jactitation). The patient's general condition is severe: facial features are sharpened (facies Hippocratica), Skin is dry with petechiae and bruising, Lips are cracked with thirst and herpes. The Tongue is dry, coated with gray-brown plaque. Body Temperature is high (39°–40°). Tachycardia, rapid breathing, and lowered blood pressure are present.

SYNESTHESIA (синдרום синестезия) — synaesthesia — the phenomenon where sensory stimulation of one modality involuntarily elicits a sensation in another modality (irradiation of excitation from one analyzer to another), where The stimulation of one sense triggers perceptions normally associated with another. For example, colored hearing.

SYNTHESIS — synthesis — the mental or practical combination of parts of an object separated during analysis, establishing their interaction and connections to understand or construct that object as a whole.

WEAK TYPE OF HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY — typus psychoasthenicus systematis nervosi supremi — a type of nervous system characterized by weakness of both excitatory and inhibitory processes.

SOMNAMBULISM — Somnambulismus — a state of altered consciousness characteristic of ambulatory automatism that occurs during sleep, when a patient gets out of bed at night and performs a series of complex actions at home or outdoors while demonstrating motor dexterity—in some cases unattainable in a normal state—before falling asleep again.

SOMNOLENCE — somnolentia — a syndrome of general impairment of consciousness. Contact with the patient is possible. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS are not immediate, most frequently limited to "yes" or "no." Only very strong stimuli reach consciousness. Orientation in the environment is incomplete. Partial amnesia occurs upon recovery from this state.

SOPOR — sopor — a syndrome of general impairment of consciousness. Patients are inaccessible to verbal contact, lie motionlessly, and disorganized movements are occasionally observed. Only very intense stimuli, such as pain, are perceived from the external environment. Reflex activity is diminished. Pathological reflexes and autonomic disorders may be present. Memories of the soporous period are not retained.

PERCEPTION — perceptio — a level of sensory cognition, superior to sensation, representing the reflection of objects and phenomena in the totality of their properties upon direct action on analyzers. A holistic image of an object or phenomenon. The Physiological Basis of perception is the interaction of multiple analyzers and the synthesis of numerous sensations.

SEXUAL INSTINCT — instinctus sexualis — an instinct associated with the continuation of the species, manifested in the drive toward individuals of the opposite sex, sexual approach, and copulation.

SEX — sexus — the totality of anatomical and PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF an organism that ensures the continuation of the species and makes it possible to distinguish female and male individuals in most organisms.

VERBAL STEREOTYPY — stereotypia verbalis — the repetition of the same words or phrases.

MOTOR STEREOTYPY — stereotypia motoria — the repetition of the same motor act: swaying the entire body, flexing and extending the trunk, clapping hands, etc.

STRESS — stress — a psychophysiological state of a person that arises in response to various extreme influences leading to changes in the course of mental processes, emotional shifts, as well as disturbances in motor and verbal behavior.

STUPOR — stupor — a state of complete immobility with increased Muscle tone, manifested by the cessation of any voluntary activity, absence of reaction to stimuli, and mutism. A patient in a state of stupor reacts neither to minor environmental stimuli nor to life-threatening ones.

SUBJECTIVITY — subjectivitas — an attitude toward someone or something that is conditioned and determined by the personal views, interests, tastes, and preferences of the subject.

SUBLIMATION — sublimatio — the replacement of a sexual object with a drive toward socially acceptable activities of the individual.

SUGGESTOLOGY — suggestologia — an integrative field of scientific research studying the psychological phenomena of suggestion and autosuggestion.

JUDGMENT — iudicium — the primary form of thinking in which the presence or absence of certain features, properties, connections, or relations in objects and phenomena is affirmed or denied.

SUICIDE, SUICIDAL TENDENCY — suicidium, suicidomania — suicide, a tendency toward suicide resulting from the distortion of the self-preservation instinct. Suicide is observed in depressive, depressive-paranoid states, and psychopathic decompensation.

"BODY SCHEME" DISORDER — pseudopolymelia paraesthetica — a mental disorder in which a patient perceives their body as altered—becoming heavier or lighter, diminished or enlarged, or with individual parts displaced, for example, the head separated from the torso and extraordinarily enlarged or reduced.

TABOO — taboo — 1) an element of the magical consciousness of primitive peoples, denoting a religious prohibition of certain actions, the violation of which is supposedly punished by otherworldly forces; 2) figuratively, a prohibition by mutual agreement of communication participants or members of a certain social community on certain words, actions, and types of reactions.

TACTILE — tactilis — pertaining to tactile sensations, perceived through touch.

THANATOPHOBIA — thanatophobia — an obsessional state characterized by the fear or apprehension of sudden death.

TELEOLOGY — teleologia — a doctrine asserting that everything in nature and society possesses a predetermined purpose and expediency.

TELEPATHY — telepathia — "feeling at a distance"; a phenomenon studied by parapsychology in the mutual communication of thoughts between a transmitter and a receiver of information (inductor and recipient).

THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST — test orm aperceptivum thematicum — a projective test proposed by American psychologists H. Murray and C. Morgan for the study of personality: 30 black-and-white images of situations allowing for multiple interpretations, based on which the subject must compose 30 stories.

TEMPERAMENT — temperamentum — an individual-typological characteristic of a person manifested in the strength, intensity, speed, and balance of the course of their mental processes.

PERSONALITY TESTS (тесты личностные) — testa personalitatis — psychological tests designed to assess personality traits: attitudes, values, relationships, emotional and motivational characteristics, typical behavioral patterns, etc. There are many types of these tests, including scales and questionnaires, situational tests, evaluative tasks, and projective methods.

PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS (тесты психологические) — testa psychologica — a system of techniques for identifying and evaluating individual mental traits and human characteristics.

TICK (тик) — tic — involuntary twitching of specific muscles or groups of muscles in the face, neck, arms, etc. A tic indicates a disruption in neural regulation and can be either temporary or chronic.

TOXICOPHOBIA (токсикофобия) — toxicophobia — a morbid, obsessive condition characterized by an intense fear of being poisoned. It may result from suggestion.

TRANSIVISM (транзитивизм) — transitivismus — a phenomenon where a patient attributes their own experiences to healthy people around them, whom they believe to be ill.

TRANQUILIZERS (транквилизаторы) — tranquillisantia — psychopharmacological (psychotropic) drugs that have a calming (sedative) effect on mental activity.

TRANCE (транс) — transe — a mental disorder characterized by automatic behavioral acts occurring during a state of altered or narrowed consciousness.

TRANSVESTISM (трансвестизм) — transvestismus — experiencing sexual gratification through dressing in the clothing of the opposite sex.

KRAEPELIN'S TRIAD (триада Крепелина) — trias Kraepelini — elevated mood, psychoverbal excitement, and increased motor activity (in manic states); depressed mood, psychoverbal inhibition, and motor retardation (in melancholic states).

JASPERS' TRIAD (триада Ясперса) — trias Jaspersi — the onset of an illness linked to the Direct impact of psychological trauma, the reflection of the trauma's content in the clinical picture of the illness, and the cessation of the mental disorder once the psychological trauma is resolved. Observed in reactive psychoses.

TRISKAIDEKAPHOBIA (трискайдекафобия) — triskaidekaphobia — an obsessive fear of the number 13.

ERGOTHERAPY (трудтерапия) — ergotherapia — scientifically grounded treatment through labor, involving patients in purposeful, creative, and conscious work. Ergotherapy helps stimulate compensatory mechanisms in psychiatric patients, restores lost mental functions, and maximizes the preservation of existing ones.

ATTENTION (внимание) — attentio animi — the ability to focus on an external or internal stimulus. Attention is a mental function characterized by a selective attitude toward the objects of mental activity, whereby consciousness singles out one or a few stimuli from a multitude.

ACTIVE ATTENTION (внимание активное) — attentio animi activa — conscious, conditioned-reflexively developed, and purposeful concentration of mental activity on specific phenomena.

ATTENTION, DISTRACTION OF ATTENTION (внимание, отвлечение внимания) — attentio animi derivativa — a disorder of attention characterized by weakened concentration and stability.

ATTENTION, INHIBITION OF ATTENTION (внимание, заторможенность внимания) — attentio animi inhibitoria — a disorder in the mechanism of shifting attention from one object or phenomenon to another, caused by the inertia of basic cortical processes.

PASSIVE, INVOLUNTARY ATTENTION (внимание пассивное, непроизвольное) — attentio animi passiva — the drawing of attention to any of numerous external stimuli that overpower an individual. Inadequately concentrated and overly mobile, attention suddenly shifts from one object to another. It is rooted in the unconditioned orienting reflex ("What is it?").

ATTENTION, FIXATION OF ATTENTION (внимание, прикованность внимания) — attentio animi fixa — enhanced concentration and stability of attention. Typical of patients in a state of depression, individuals with hypochondriacal symptoms, and delusional patients.

ATTENTION, WEAKNESS OF ACTIVE ATTENTION (внимание, слабость активного внимания) — attentio animi asthenica — the inability to sustain attention on a single object for long periods, along with difficulty concentrating.

INFERENCE (умозаключение) — logismus — one of the fundamental forms of theoretical thinking, representing a method of logically connecting propositions.

UROPHOBIA (урофобия) — urophobia — an obsessive fear of experiencing an overwhelming, sudden urge to urinate at an inappropriate time.

SET / MENTAL SET (установка) — a state of readiness for specific activity aimed at satisfying a particular need.

CONTRACTION, AGGLUTINATION OF CONCEPTS (сгущение, агглютинация понятий) — agglutinatio — the merging of two concepts into one, for example: "penink" (pen and ink), "Ussuray" (Ussuri region), "dadmom" (dad and mom).

IMAGINATION (воображение) — imaginatio — a mental process consisting in the creation of images and thoughts by a person based on their prior experience.

REPRESENTATION (представление) — cognitio — a loosely generalized copy of previous sensory perceptions of images, objects, and phenomena that are revived in consciousness but do not currently act upon the sense organs. The foundation of a representation is a person's past experience.

EQUATING PHASE (phasis aequalis) — phasis aequalis — a pathophysiological state characterized by a reaction of equal intensity to both strong and weak stimuli.

NARCOTIC PHASE (phasis narcomatosa) — phasis narcomatosa — a pathophysiological state characterized by the absence of nervous system response to a weak stimulus and a significantly reduced response to a strong stimulus.

PARADOXICAL PHASE (phasis paradoxalis) — phasis paradoxalis — a pathophysiological state characterized by a weak stimulus producing a disproportionately strong effect and reaction, while, conversely, a strong stimulus produces a weak reaction.

ULTRAPARADOXICAL PHASE (phasis ultraparadoxalis) — phasis ultraparadoxalis — a pathophysiological state characterized by a negative reaction occurring in response to a positive stimulus, and vice versa. For example, a positive attitude toward a patient is perceived as hostile.

FACTOR (фактор) — factor — a condition, driving force, or cause of a certain phenomenon or process.

ARROGANCE (фанаберство) — a behavioral trait characterized by a haughty, disdainful attitude toward others, conceit, and presumptuousness.

IMAGINATION (фантазия) — phantasia — the human process of creating new images based on past experiences. It can be realistic or idle and meaningless.

HYSTERICAL PHANTASMS (phantasmata hysterica) — phantasmata hysterica — various fabrications of unusual events that never actually occurred, driven by a desire to place oneself at the center of attention. Observed in neurotic hysteria and hysterical psychopathy. The patient vividly and emotionally experiences their false perception as absolute truth.

PARALYTIC PHANTASMS (phantasmata paralytica) — phantasmata paralytica — absurd fabrications arising in cases of pronounced dementia, such as in progressive paralysis.

FETISHISM (фетишизм) — fetischismus — the onset of sexual arousal and gratification not through sexual intercourse, but through contemplating or touching items of women's clothing.

PHYSIOGNOMY (физиогномика) — physiognomica — the Study of the relationship between a person's psychological makeup and character and the structure and shape of their face and body.

PHYLOGENY (филогенез) — phylogenesis — the evolutionary history of development of various genera and species of organisms.

PHOBIAS (фобии) — phobiae — obsessive fears that a person is unable to overcome. They manifest in certain Mental Illnesses and neuroses.

FRIGIDITY (фригидность) — frigiditas — a decrease in sexual desire (libido) in women. It can be congenital or acquired due to organic Disorders of the Reproductive System, as well as psychogenic or neuropsychiatric conditions.

FROTTEURISM (фроттеризм) — frottage — an obsessive urge to touch persons of the opposite sex with clothed genitals or sexually sensitive (erogenous) body parts, thereby achieving orgasm.

FRUSTRATION (фрустация) — frustratio — a mental state of mounting emotional and volitional tension that arises in conflict situations which hinder the achievement of goals or the satisfaction of needs and desires, threatening a person's well-being, prestige, or dignity.

FUGA (фуга) — fuga — a state of impaired consciousness (narrowing of the field of consciousness). In this state, the patient, unaware of their surroundings, performs a series of habitual actions in inappropriate circumstances—for example, spinning in place, darting off, or putting on and taking off clothes while on public transport. The person acts automatically and unconsciously.

CHARACTER (характер) — character — a complex of stable psychological traits of an individual manifested in their behavior and activity, in their attitude toward work, society, and themselves. Character is the core of personality and the main determinant of individuality.

CYCLOID (циклоид) — typus cycloideus — a psychological constitutional type characterized by a lively temperament and an elevated mood with a slight tendency toward fluctuations. Cycloids are sociable, active, sensitive, energetic, and their motives and actions are clear and understandable.

CYCLOTHYMIA (циклотимия) — cyclothymia — a mental disorder representing a mild form of manic-depressive psychosis.

SENSE / GUT FEELING (чувство, чутье) — sensus — 1) a special mental state of subconscious reflection of phenomena and events, an intuitive anticipation of them; 2) a specific experience accompanied by satisfaction or dissatisfaction with someone or something. A sense is a subjective manifestation of a person's emotional reaction.

SCHIZOID (шизоид) — typus schizoideus — a psychological constitutional type characterized by a blunting of emotional experiences and reclusiveness. Schizoids are awkward, clumsy, and gloomy. They often exhibit unmotivated outbursts of anger and irritability driven by internal impulses.

SCHIZOPHRENIC DEMENTIA (шизофреническое слабоумие) — schizophrenia. — See Transient dementia.

SPERRUNG (шперрунг) — Sperrung — a sudden arrest of thought, absence of thoughts, or a break in the train of thought. See Thought blocking / arrest.

YURODSTVO / HOLY FOOLISHNESS (юродство) — extreme self-humiliation manifested in the form of a grotesque and tragic personality expression.

"I" (ego) is a psychological category denoting individuality and the unique nature of the personality.

JACTATION (iactatio) — an excitation state characterized by restless movements of the limbs and side-to-side Head movements within the bed. This symptom is observed in cases of profound clouding of consciousness, such as in choreic syndrome.

IATROGENY (iatrogenia) — a type of psychogenic disorder arising from interactions with physicians or nursing staff when they neglect deontological principles or make careless remarks regarding a patient's condition. As a result of such statements, the patient comes to believe they are suffering from a severe, incurable disease. This symptom tends to progress toward hypochondria and hypochondriacal syndrome.